Kūkākūkā Carbohala - Monosaccharides, Disaccharides a me Polysaccharides

Pūleapohola (liuliu, saccharides) - nā mea ʻona e loaʻa ana i kahi hui o kaonyony a me nā pūʻulu hydroxyl. ʻO ka inoa o ka papa o nā pūhui huahelu mai nā huaʻōlelo "carbon hydrates", ua hoʻolālā ʻia e C. Schmidt i ka makahiki 1844. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia inoa ma muli o ka ʻike ʻia o ka nui o nā huakaʻi i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema i wehewehe ʻia e ka gross formula C_x(H₂O)_yka hoʻopili hou ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka wai.

ʻO ka pūpū ka mea waiwai i nā pūnaehana a me nā umauma o nā mea ola a pau o ka mea kanu a me ka honua holoholona, ​​i hana ʻia (ma ke paona) ka nui o nā mea kūlohelohe ma ka Honua. ʻO ke kumu o nā kākeka no nā mea ola a pau, ʻo ke kaʻina hana photosynthesis i lawe ʻia e nā mea kanu.

Wehewehe ʻia nā kalaka monosaccharides, oligosaccharides a me polysaccharides.i

Nā Monosaccharides (nā paʻowaʻi maʻalahi) nā mālamalama maʻalahi o nā pelekane a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻokaʻawale i loko o nā mea hoʻohui maʻalahi i ka wā hydrolysis. ʻO Monosaccharides ka wikiwiki a kiʻekiʻe loa ka ikaika o ka ikehu no nā kaʻina hana e kū nei i ka pūlapa. ʻO ka Monosaccharides koke koke ʻia i ka carbon dioxide a me ka wai, aʻo nā protein a me nā momona e hoʻokaʻawale i nā huahana like ma o kahi kaʻina waena o nā kaʻina waena. Loaʻa i nā Monosaccharides ka momona maikaʻi a no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he "gula".

Oligosaccharides - nā mea hoʻohui hou i kūkulu ʻia mai nā lehulehu (mai 2 a 10) he mau koena monosaccharide. ʻO nā Disaccharides (oligosaccharides), e like me monosaccharides, i kahi ʻala maikaʻi a no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he "gula".

Hoʻolauleʻa - i nā mea momona koʻikoʻi moleki - polymers i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka nui o nā monosaccharides. Hoʻokahele ʻia lākou hoʻokaʻina (starch, glycogen) a ʻaʻole-digestible (ka meaʻai momona - ka lehele, hemicellulose, nā mea pectin) i ka ʻeha gastrointestinal. ʻAʻole ʻono nā Polysaccharides.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā Monosaccharides e like me ʻelua mau ʻano:
• ke ʻano o ka hui ʻo ka carbononyl,
• ka lōʻihi o nā kaulahao carbon.

Kāhea ʻia nā Monosaccharides i kahi hui aldehyde āpau, k? kihona ketone (ma ka manawa 2) - kaʻaina (ʻeha -ose keʻano no nā inoa o nā monosaccharides āpau: glucose, galactose, fructose). ʻO ke ʻano o nā aldoses a me ka ketosis i ka nui hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e like me kēia.

Mamuli o ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao kalepa (3-10 atoms), ua māhele ʻia nā monosaccharides i nā ho'āʻo, tetrose, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, etc. Pentoses a me nā hexose ka mea maʻamau.

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Kahi helu

Kūkulu ʻia nā paupona āpau i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa mahele, ʻo ia ka sac. E like me kā lākou hiki iā hydrolyze i loko o monomers, ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kākela i nā hui ʻelua: maʻalahi a paʻakikī. ʻO nā kalapona e loaʻa ai kahi papa hoʻokahi i kapa ʻia ʻo monosaccharides, ʻelua mau disaccharides, ʻelua a ʻumi ʻāpana he oligosaccharides, a ʻoi aku he ʻumi he polysaccharides. Hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻo Monosaccharides i ke kō o ke koko a loaʻa iā ia kahi kiʻekiʻe glycemic index, no laila e kapa ʻia nei nā huapalapala wikiwiki. Ua maʻalahi lākou e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea kanu lāʻau. ʻO nā kalapona e kālai ʻia ana he 3 a i ʻole nā ​​hui i kapa ʻia he paʻakikī. Hoʻonui iki nā meaʻai i ka momona kākoi me ka glucose a loaʻa iā lākou ka glycemic index, ʻo ia ke kumu e kapa ʻia ai nā hāmeʻe haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā mea laikini kalepa, ʻo nā huahana o polycondensation o nā meli māmā (monosaccharides) a, ʻaʻole like me nā mea maʻalahi, hiki ke hydrolyze i loko o kahi monomers i ka wā decomposition hydrolytic e hana ai i mau haneli a mau tausani o nā molekele monosaccharide.

Hoʻonohonoho i ka pālahalaha

I ka hoʻomoe ʻana o nā molekikoka glucose i ke apo o ka ʻeono-eni, aia kahi 50 pākēneka i loaʻa ka pūʻulu lua kahi hydroxyl ma lalo o ka mokulele o ke mele.

Loaʻa paha ka glucose glucose ʻelua wahi ʻokoʻa o ka hui hydroxyl (-OH) e pili ana i ka carbon anomicic (carbon No. 1, e lilo ana i ka asymmetric ma ke kaʻina hana o ke kāpili, kahi kikowaena stereo).

Inā he haʻahaʻa ka pūʻulu hydroxyl ma mua o carbon carbon 1 i loko o ke kō, a laila lākou e ʻōlelo nei i ke kūlana alpha ()) a ina nia maluna o ka mokulele, ke olelo mai nei lakou aia no ia beta (β) .

ʻO nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe

ʻO nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe monosaccharide e noho nei. Hiki iā lākou ke kūlohelohe a me nā semi-ʻano.

No Galactose ke kūlohelohe. Loaʻa nō ia ma nā meaʻai, akā ʻaʻole ia e kū i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe. ʻO Galactose ka hopena o ka hydrolysis o ka lactose. ʻO ke kumu nui kāna waiū.

ʻO nā monosaccharides kūlohelohe kekahi, deoxyribose a me mannose.

Aia nō hoʻi nā ʻano like ʻole o ia mau mea kanu, no ka mea ʻenehana e hoʻohana ʻia.

ʻIke ʻia kēia mau mea i ka meaʻai a hoʻokomo i ke kino kanaka:

Hoʻokahi kēlā me kēia koʻikoʻi i kona mau hiʻohiʻona a me nā hana.

ʻO nā disaccharides a me kā lākou hoʻohana

ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo hāpona i nā lā aʻe he disaccharides. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea paʻakikī. Ma muli o ka hydrolysis, ʻelua mau molekina monosaccharide i hoʻokumu ʻia mai lākou.

ʻO kēia ʻano o ke kālaiʻu i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona:

• paakiki
• hoʻohuihui i ka wai
• malle solubility paʻa i loko o nā alcohols paʻa,
• mea ono momona
• uala - mai keokeo a hiki i ke kala.

ʻO nā mea waiwai nui o ka disaccharides ka hydrolysis kūʻai (ua wāwahi ʻia nā kaula glycosidic a ua kuhi ʻia nā monosaccharides) a me ka hoʻokele (hana ʻia nā polysaccharides).

Aia he 2 ʻano o ia mau pūhui:

1. Hoʻihoʻi hou. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kā lākou hiʻohiʻona o ka hui ʻana o kahi hui semi-acetal hydroxyl. Ma muli o ia, ua hōʻemi nā huahana i nā waiwai. Kūkulu kēia pūʻulu o nā calcium i ka cellobiose, maltose a me lactose.
2. ʻAʻole ke hoʻoponopono. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau pūhui ke hōʻemi, no ka mea, nele lākou i ka hui semi-acetal hydroxyl. ʻO nā mea kaulana loa o kēia ʻano ʻo ka sucrose a me ka trehalose.

Ua pālahalaha kēia mau mea i loko o ke ʻano. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma nā lua a me nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka disaccharides kahi kumu ikehu, no ka mea, i hoʻokumu ʻia ka glucose mai o lākou aku i ka wā hydrolysis.

He mea koʻikoʻi ʻo Lactose no nā keiki, ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka ʻai pēpē. ʻO ke hana ʻē aʻe o nā kaū o ke ʻano o kēia ʻano he ʻano hana, ʻoiai ia he mau papa o ka cellulose, pono pono no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā cell tipu.

Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā polysaccharides

ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā mea kanu i ka polysaccharides ʻO kēia ka meaʻoi loa o ka pilina. ʻO kā lākou helu helu nui o nā monosaccharides (kā lākou mea nui he glucose). I ka hana ʻana o nā pānaʻi hana, ʻaʻole assimilated ka polysaccharides - i lawe mua ʻia ko lākou cleavage.

ʻO ke ʻano o kēia mau ʻano mea:

• insolubility (a i ʻole ka lōkahi i loko) i ka wai,
• ʻōmaʻomaʻa ʻulaʻula (a i ʻole kala kala)
• aole oona
• aneane pau ʻole ko lākou āpau (ʻoluʻolu kekahi.

ʻO nā mea ʻona o kēia mau mea e komo ai ka hydrolysis, ka mea i lawe ʻia ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā kola. ʻO ka hopena o ka hopena ka hoʻonāukiuki o ka hoʻohui i nā mea i hoʻonohonoho ai - monosaccharides.

ʻO kekahi waiwai ʻē aʻe ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai. Hiki i ka Polysaccharides ke pane me ka waikawa.

ʻOkoʻa nā huahana i kūkulu ʻia i kēia mau kaʻina hana. ʻO kēia ka acetate, nāhelehele, nā esters, nā phosphates, etc.

ʻO ke wikiō hoʻonaʻauao e pili ana i nā hana a me ka helu ʻana o nā pākoki:

He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea no ka hana piha o ka hanu holoʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāpana. Hāʻawi lākou i ke kino me ka ikehu, komo i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā wahī, pale i nā kino o loko mai ka pōʻino a me nā hopena ʻino. Lawe pū lākou i nā kuleana o nā mea mālama i pono ai nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i kahi wā paʻakikī.

Oligosaccharides

ʻO nā Oligosaccharides nā puna i loaʻa ʻelua a ʻekolu mau ipu maʻalahi a paʻa ʻia e nā hono covalent i kāhea ʻia glycoside.

Hiki i nā mea paʻa Glycoside ke alpha a i ʻole beta.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā disaccharides koʻikoʻi.

1) Maltosa - ua mau ʻia ʻelua mau molekō α-glucose i hui pū 1-4-ʻo ka pilina pili glycosidic. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki i ka Maltose ke loaʻa i nā hua kanu i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hana pia.
2) Kūpono - na mea o --mi - glucose a --mi - fructose me 1-2 - ʻo ka palena glycosidic mawaena i waena o lākou. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka sukrose ka papa ʻaina.
3) Lactose (lactose) - na mea o --mi - glucose a α - galactose. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa ka Lactose i ka waiū.

Hoʻolauleʻa

ʻO nā polosika monosaccharide ka polyosaccharide e kū pono mai nā haneri he nui a me nā tausani subile monosaccharidei paʻa paʻa ʻia e nā hono glycosidic.

ʻO kekahi polysaccharides ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia o nā kaulahao pololei a ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kekahi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka polysaccharides he starch, glycogen, cellulose a chitin.

Mīkini (kūpeā) he ʻano ia o ke kō i mālama ʻia e nā mea kanu a nona nā amilosa a amylopectin he mau poli poli manu.

ʻO nā māka ke kūmole o nā monomers glucose, i hoʻopili ʻia e ka α 1-4 a i ʻole 1-6 mau mea paʻa glycosidic. ʻO nā helu 1-4 a me 1-6 e pili ana i ka helu o ka huamona o ke kinikona ma nā monomers i hoʻopili ʻia ai lākou.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Amylose e nā kaulahao hakahaka o nā glucose monomers (wale nō o 1-4 mau here), aʻo amylopectin he polysaccharide me ke kīpē (α 1-6 mau kī ma nā kihi lālā).

Glycogen (glycogen) he ʻano mea e mālama ai i nā glucose i nā kānaka a me nā vertebrates ʻē aʻe a he ʻano o ka monomers glucose.

Hewa ʻO ia ka hoʻonohonoho polysaccharide nui o nā mea kanu āpau a ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka paia o nā paia.

ʻO ka Cellulose kahi polima β-glucose polū i paʻa ʻia e ka mana o ka glycosidic 1-4.

Hoʻololi ʻia kēlā me kēia kekona lua monomer i cellulose a paʻa i nā monomers i paʻa paʻa i nā kaulahao polimera lōʻihi. Hāʻawi kēia i ka cellulose i kona paʻakikī a me nā ikaika kiʻekiʻe tensile, he mea nui loa ia no nā mea kanu.

ʻOiai ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia ka paʻa ma cellulose e nā kānaka digestive enzyme, ʻo nā mea kanu ʻoiai like me nā bipi, koalas, buffalos a me nā lio e hoʻōla i nā mea kanu mea momona i ka fiber a hoʻohana ia e like me ke kumuʻai e hoʻohana ai i nā flora loiloi i loko o ko lākou ʻeha.

Aia ka cellulose-like polimoli i ka exoskeleton i nā manawa a nā pepeke, crustaceans.

ʻIke ʻia kēia polymer e like me chitin he polysaccharide ia ka nitrogen. ʻO ia ka hana hou ʻana o nā pūʻulu o N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (gula i hoʻololi ʻia).

ʻO Chitin kekahi pūnaehana nui o nā paia o nā pā. ʻAʻole holoholona nā ʻuʻā a i nā mea kanu a i hana i kahi sub-aupuni i ke aupuni o eukaryotes.

Ke kalapu, kā lākou hana a me nā hana.