Pancreas - ka lua o ka hao nui loa i ka ʻōnaehana o ka ʻōpala, ʻo kona ʻōpala he 60-100 g, ka lōʻihi he 15-22 cm.
He kohu hina-hina ke kīkuhi i ka pua, a hala i ke ala ʻōpiopio mai ka duodenum 12 a i ka pua. Aia kona poʻo ākea i loko o ka kāmaʻa lio i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka duodenum 12. Ua uhi ʻia ka kohu me kahi capsule hoʻomālamalama.
ʻO nā pancreas pono i loko o kaʻaila ʻelua: exocrine a me endocrine. Hoʻokomo ka ʻāpana exocrine o ka huaʻai i ka 500-700 ml o ka wai pancreatic i loko o kahi kanaka i ka lā, i loaʻa nā enzymes i ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i nā palama, ka 'aʻai a me nā ʻaluna. ʻO ka hapa endocrine o ka pancreas e hana i nā hormones e hoʻoponopono i nā kalapona a me nā momona metabolism (insulins, glucagon, somatostatin, etc.).
ʻO ka hapa exocrine o ka pancreas he puna kūloko alveolar-tubular, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻāpana ma ke koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka sepl interlobular e lolo ana mai ka kapeto. ʻO nā kinikini i hoʻokumu ʻia e acinocytes (pancreatic cells) i pili i ka lobules. Hoʻopili pū nā pūlea pili i kekahi me kekahi.
ʻO Acinus me kahi kōna intercalary kahi hana umona a me ka hana o nā ʻāpana exocrine o ka pancreas. Hōʻike ka mea huna i ka lumen o ka acinus. Mai nā papa komo i hoʻokomo ʻia, e komo ka mea huna i nā kumu komo intralobular. Pākuʻi ʻia nā kumu intralobular i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka iwi e pili ana i ka interlobular ducts, ka mea e kahe ana i loko o ke kumu nui o ka pancreas a, pili pū me ka bile cile maʻamau, komo i ka lumen o ka duodenum.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hapa endocrine o ka pancreas e nā pūʻulu o nā pūpū - nā mokupuni pancreatic. ʻO ka nui o nā mokupuni pancreatic i loko o ka pākeke makua mai ka 1 a 2 miliona. ʻO ka hana o ka ʻāpana endocrine o ka pancreas i hōʻike ʻia i ka pauku Endocrine System.
Ka hana, hoʻonohonoho, a me nā ʻano o ka wai o ka pancreatic
ʻO ka pancreas o ke kanaka ma ka ʻōpū ʻole e hūnā i kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka hilo. I ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waihona meaʻai mai loko mai o ka ʻōpū i loko o ka duodenum 12, ke huna ʻia e ka pancreas kanaka ka wai ma ka awelika o ka 4.7 ml / min. I ka lā, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka 1.5-2.5 lita o ka wai o ka pūpū paʻakikī.
ʻO ka waiū he waiila polū ʻokoʻa ʻole me ka wai puna wai awelika o 987 g / l. Ka wai maʻi wai pancreatic (pH = 7.5-8.8). Hoʻomoʻa ka wai pancreatic i loko o ka neutralization a me alkalization o nā kinikona meaʻai momona o ka ʻōpū i loko o ka duodenum 12, ua waiwai i nā enzyme e hoʻokaʻawale i nā meaʻai āpau.
Pākaukau. ʻO nā mea nui o ka hana huna o ka pancreatic
Nā poʻe hōʻikeʻike
Hōʻanoʻike
Ke kiko kikoʻī, g / ml
NSO - 3 - iā ia a hiki i ka 150 mmol / L, pū me Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Zn 2+, NRA4 2-, SO4 2-
ʻO Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A a me B, elastase
Lipase, phospholipase, cholesterolipase, lecithinase
Hoʻonui pololei ka mea huna o ka wai pancreatic ma hope o nā minuke 2-3 ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana a mau i nā hola 6-14. ʻO ka nui, ka pūnaana o ka waiʻaila, a me ka ʻano o ka pohihihi ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakai o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū e komo ana i ka duodenum, kahi huna ʻia ka wai hou pancreatic.
Nā panina huna a ka pancreatic
ʻO ka hūnā ʻia o ka pancreas i ka wā e hoʻolalelale ʻia e ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻano pupula ʻano a hele i nā ʻano nui.
ʻO ka mua, a i ʻole cerebral, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hāmeʻa huna e ke ʻano, ʻāhā i nā meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻowahāwahā ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻai (condition reflex irritations), a me nā hopena i ka ʻāpala o nā mucosa waha, nā ʻuʻuku a me ka moni ʻana (uncondically reflex irritations). Hiki i nā impulses nā puʻe hōʻea i loko o ka poʻe receptors e hōʻea i ka medulla oblongata a laila ma o nā huaʻai o ke akepū i loko o ka pūpuna a komo i kāna honi.
ʻO ka lua, a i ʻole kulo, ka hiʻohiʻona i ka neʻe o ka neʻe o ka hoʻopiʻi i hōʻeuʻeu ʻia a kākoʻo ʻia e nā reflexes mai ka mekano- a me chemoreceptors o ka ʻōpū.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā waihona gastric i loko o ka duodenum, hoʻomaka ke kolu, a i ʻole wahī, ka hopena o ka hana huna e pili ana i ka hana ma nā membrane mucous o ka duodenum 12 o kāna mau mea hoʻohui. Hana ke hana huna i ka hoʻokaʻawale koke i ka mea huna o ka papa pancreatic i ke ʻano o ka meaʻai i lawe ʻia. ʻO ka ʻai ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā enzyme a pau i loko o ka wai wai, akā no nā ʻano ʻai like ʻole kēia mea hoʻonui e hōʻike ʻia nei i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā meaʻai me kahi momona ka nui o nā mea kāʻei i lilo i ka hoʻonui i ka wai o nā amylases (nā enzyme e wāwahi i ka kalaiʻa), nā protein - trypsin a me trinsinogen, meaʻai momona - lipase, i.e. Hoʻokumu ka pancreas a huna i nā mea hou aʻe o ka hoʻoneʻe e hoʻolioli nei i nā mea nui i ka mea ʻai.
Hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka mea liʻiliʻi i loko
ʻO ka Digestion i loko o kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi (duodenum, jejunum a me ileum) e hōʻoia i ka hydrolysis o nā hapa nui o nā meaʻai e hoʻokuʻi ai i nā monomers, i loko o ke ʻano e hiki ai ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea momona mai ka ʻōpū i loko o ke koko a me ka lymph. Lawe ʻia ʻo ia i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana ma lalo o ka mana o nā enzyme pancreatic i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka pūpū.hoʻoweliweli) a ma lalo o ka hana a nā hoʻomehana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā filamen microvilli a me glycocalyx (kaīnaʻi parietal). Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o kēia mau enzyme e ka pancreas, a kekahi ma o ka paia o ka paia o ka ʻoni. ʻO ke pae hope o ka hāliʻi ʻana o ka wahina liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i nā membrane o nā cell epithelial intestinal (kaomi ʻana o ka membrane), i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka hana a nā kinipona o nā gona o ka pā palani a pili a me nā hana o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā mea kanu.
ʻO ka hana nui i ka lawe ʻana o ka meaʻai i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi aia nā i nā kaʻina e kū nei i ka duodenum. ʻO ka chyme acidic e komo ana mai loko mai o ka ʻōpū e hōʻike ʻia e nā koena o ka hoʻōla a me ka wahi i ʻoka ʻia. Loaʻa i nā ʻōmole undigested ma ke ʻano o ka triglycerides, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, nā paloka i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā polypeptides a me oligopeptides, ka ʻuʻuku a me ka hoʻokaʻawaʻawa ʻana i ke kūpaʻa ma ke ʻano o ke kō, glycogen, kahe, ka mea a me ke kūlohelohe a me nā mea ʻalaʻala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No laila, no kā lākou hāwili ʻana, pono e hana nā kelepona kūwili i kahi nui o nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kō a me nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hōʻike ʻana o kā lākou hana.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ia mau ʻano me ka ʻike ʻole o ka chyme i hōʻemi pōpoki ʻia e nā bicarbonates o ka wai o ka pancreas, intestinal a bile. Hana ʻia ka hana pepsin i ka duodenum, ʻoiai ke hele ka pH ona mea i kū pono i ka ʻōnaehana alkaline, e hōʻea ana i 8,5 (e pili ana i ka 4 a i ka 8.5). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā bicarbonates, nā mea anorganic a me ka wai i loko o ka wai pancreatic e nā puna epithelial o nā puna a me nā kumu o ka hua ʻai. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā bicarbonates i ka pH o nā mea i hoʻopili i ka pākia a me ke kiʻekiʻe nui o kona kao ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huahana alkaline, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka chyme i loko o ka jejunum e hiolo ana.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā enzyme pancreatic e ka epithelium o ka acini o ka nui. Ke kau nei ko lākou kūkulu ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano kānāwai e pili ana.
ʻO ka huna wai wai pancreatic a me kona hoʻoponopono
ʻO nā enzymes proteolytic nui o ka waiū pancreatic i hūnā ʻia i ke ʻano o zymogens, i.e. i kahi kūlana ikaika ʻole. ʻO kēia nā trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase A a me B. ʻO ka mea hoʻopuka maʻi o trypsinogen a me kona hoʻololi i ka trypsin ka enterokinase (endopeptidase), i hoʻopuka e ka duodenal mukosa. ʻO ke kūkulu trypsin hoʻolālā i autocatalytic. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Trypsin i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hana like ʻole o ka chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases A a me B, me ke kaʻina o ka enterokinase. ʻO Trypsin, chymotrypsin a me elastase he endopeptidases. Hoʻopili lākou i nā protein a me nā kiʻekiʻe polypeptides koʻikoʻi molika i ka peptides haʻahaʻa a me nā waikawa amino. ʻO Carboxypeptidases A a me B (exopeptidases) e hoʻopili i nā peptides i nā waikawa amino.
Pākaukau. Hoʻololi ka hana hydrolytic i nā enzyme pancreatic
ʻO ka huepone
Pūnaewele Hydrolysis
Pūnaewele
Nā kūmole peptide kūloko ma waena o ke koena o ka waikawa amino ka palena
Hoʻoponopono i nā hana i ka ʻikepili o ke kelepona pancreatic
ʻĀlawa
Humawai
Nā ʻano o nā reflexes ma ka pae
Nā wīlani ulu ʻana
Kūlana
Paule kahaha
Nā mea hana a i ʻole nā mea ikaika e kūkulu ai
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 (e ʻike i lalo)
(see ma lalo)
Kaomi
Wāleʻa
Kaomi
Wāleʻa
Ka hopena hope loa
Ka waiwai hoʻowalewale huna
Ka waiwai kūpono no ka hilo
ʻO nā hoʻolālā no ka hoʻoponopono kānāwai o ka neʻe pancreatic:
ʻO ka hopena hoʻomālamalama he mau hormones:
1 - secretin, 2 - cholecystokinin-pancreosimine, 3 - gastrin, 4 - insulin, 5 - bombesin, 6 - sangkap P (neuropeptide), 7 - paʻilima bile, 8 - serotonin.
ʻAiʻe hana he mau hormones:
1 - glucagon, 2 - calcitonin, 3 - ZhIP, 4 - PP, 5 - somatostatin
Hiki ke hoʻōho a hoʻowalewale ʻo VIP.
Ka ʻike pilikino a me ka cholecystokinin-pancreosimine:
ʻO ke alakaʻi koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoponopono humoral o ka hana huna pancreatic i ka gastrointestinal hormones: secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreosimine. Kūlokoā kumu e hoʻoiho ai i ka nui o ka wai o ka pancreatic wai nui i nā bicarbonates, no ka mea e hoʻoulu ana i nā puna epithelial o nā kumu intralobular. ʻO Cholecystokinin-pancreosimine hana maoli i ka pancreoc acinus pancreatocytes, no laila, momona ka wai i huna ʻia i nā enzyme. Kūlokoā ua hana ʻia e ka sela endocrine S o nā pā o ka paia o ka duodenum 12 i ke kūlana hema o prosecretin, ka mea i hoʻāla ʻia e HCl o ka chyme o ka gastric. Koho cholecystokinin-pancreosimine lawe ʻia e nā I-cells o ka pā duodenal ma lalo o ke ʻano hoʻomalala o nā huahana o ka hydrolysis mua o ka protein momona a me ka momona, me kekahi mau waikina amino.
ʻO ka nui ka hana he multifunctional gland me ka hana endocrine a me ka hana exocrine. ʻO ia ka nui o ka mauʻu o ka ʻōpala. E like me ka aniani endocrine, e komo i ka hana i ka metabolism o nā palaka, ka momona a me nā hāmeʻe. E like me ke exocrine - hana i ka hua bile.
ʻO ka māhele hoʻonohonoho a me ka hana o ka ate ke lobule hepatic. Loaʻa ia i nā ʻukuhui ate, kahi, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā pili lima o nā ʻāpana o nā ate - hepatocytes. Loaʻa nā laina o nā capile i loko ma waena o nā lālani hepatocytes e hana i ka beam. ʻO kēia mau mau mea kikoʻī ma ke kūloko o nā beam hepatic i komo i loko o nā kumu pīpī interlobular. Ua hūnā ʻia ʻo Bile e nā hepatocytes i loko o ka lumen o nā capile a bile. ʻO kēia mau kapa lela ka pūnaehana o nā hakakā ma waena o nā hepatocytes pili aʻe. Mai nā kumulāʻau bile, ma o ka lobular a i ʻole nā lula polili a interlobular, komo ke bile i nā moku bile nui e hui pū ʻia ana me ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka vein portal.
Ma hope iho, hoʻohui lle nā kīkaha kīwila a me nā ʻano maʻi hepatic ma kahi o ka puka o ka puʻuwai. Mai kēia kumuhana, hiki i ka bile ke komo i ka puna o ka cystic i loko o ka puʻupuʻu a i loko o ka alaloa a ka puna wai maʻamau. Hāpai kēia ʻano wai i ka duodenum ma ka wahi o ka nipple duodenal (ma mua o kahe ʻana, ʻo ka umauma bile maʻamau ka mea pili me ka pancreatic). Aia ma kahi o ka waha o ka bile dile maʻamau sphincter o Oddi.
Ke ʻano o ka hana o ka bile:
Paʻakai paʻakai: i nā hepatocytes mai kolesterol, hoʻokumu ʻia nā hua bile mua - cholic a me chenodeoxycholic. I loko o ka puuwai, nā mea ʻelua e hui ai me ka glycine a i ʻole taurine a hoʻihoʻi ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o ka paʻakai sodium o ka glycolic a me nā paʻakai pālala o nā moʻo taurocholic.Hoʻokomo ʻia nā paʻakai a me Na i loko o ka lumen o ka canaliculi bile, a laila ukali ka wai ma ka osmotic pressure gradient. I kēia mea, pili i nā mea pono a pau e hūnā mau i ka bile duct i kahi hopena choleretic. I ka manawa like, ʻo kekahi o nā hua bile (ma kahi o 40% o ka nui o ka huina) e hana ʻia me ke kū pono o nā aila o nā hua bile.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao mamao o ka wahī liʻiliʻi, ma kahi o 20% o ka nui o ka puna bile mua e lilo i huaʻala ʻohe lua - deoxycholic and lithocholic. E pili ana 90-95% mau waikaʻi bile hoʻihoʻi hou a hoʻi hou i loko o nā moku waihona i ka leʻaleʻa. Kāhea ʻia kēia kaʻina hana maʻihepone-maʻi pāpū o ka waikahe huehue. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO 2-4 g o nā waikawa bile e komo i kēia pōpilikia, huki hou ʻia kēia alia 6-10 mau manawa i 24 mau hola. I loko o kēia manawa, kahi o ka 0.6 g o nā hua bile e hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā feces a ke hoʻololi ʻia e ka resynthesis i loko o ka ate.
Nā puaʻa Bile: bilirubin, biliverdin a me urobilinogen he mau hua momona i ka palupalu o ka hemoglobin. Loaʻa ʻo Biliverdin i loko o ka bile o ke kanaka ma nā helu trace. ʻAno ʻole ka Bilirubin i loko o ka wai a no laila lawe ʻia me ka koko i ka ʻōpala i pili ai me ka albumin koko. I nā hepatocytes, hoʻopiʻi ka bilirubin i ka konohu wai-hoʻōla me ka acid glucuronic a me kahi liʻiliʻi me ka sulfate. I ka lā, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka 200-300 mg o ka bilirubin i loko o ka duodenum, ma kahi o 10-20% o kēia kumukūʻai i kuhi ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o ka urobilinogen a hoʻokomo ʻia i ka pīpī-hepatic-intestinal. ʻO ke koena o ka bilirubin ua hōʻiliʻiliʻia i nā limu.
K + a me Cl - hiki ke hoʻololi kūlohelohe ma waena o ka bile a me ka plasma. Palapala HCO3 - ka mea i waena o Cl - no laila ua loaʻa nā mea hou aʻe ma ka hua bile ma mua o nā chlorides.
ʻO ka neʻe o ka bile i ka apili biliary no ka:
Ke kaomi ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka biliary duodenum,
ʻO ke kūlana o ka pāʻina biliary tractary.
Aia kahi 3 sphincters: a) i ka ʻā o ka ʻōpū - ka Lyutkins sphincter, b) i ka hūnā ʻana o ka cystic a me nā kahe mea e pono ai - ka Mirizzi sphincter, c) i ka pau hope o ka hopena dile maʻamau - ka Oddi sphincter. Hoʻomaopopo ka pae o ke kaomi o ke kumu o ka bile ma ka pae o ka hoʻopiha ʻana me ka bile huna a me ka haʻalulu ʻana o nā ʻalohi o nā ʻaluna a me ka pā o ka palaki. Ke kahe nei o ka umauma bile ma waena o 4 a 300 mm kolamu wai, ʻoiai e ʻai ana - 150-260 mm kolamu wai, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka puka o ka bile ma o ka sphincter wehe o Oddi i loko o ka duodenum.
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