Ka hōʻailona o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka insulin > He hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ke pale aku

ʻO ka insulin ka lāʻau momona hoʻohiolo kūikawā, loaʻa iā ia ke hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā pakanā ka lolo, hoʻonui i ka uptake glucose e nā ʻāpana a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona hoʻololi ʻana i ka glycogen, a ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa pū i ka komo ʻana o ka glucose i loko o nā sela kiko.

Hoʻohui i ka hopena hypoglycemic (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kō o ke koko), he nui nā hopena o ka insulin: e hoʻonui ana i nā hale kūʻai glycogen, hoʻoulu i ka syntept peptide, hoʻoemi i ka ʻai o protein, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka insulin me ka hoʻoulu ʻia a ʻae ʻole paha i ka ʻāʻī ʻana o kekahi mau enzyme, glycogen synthetase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, hexokinase hoʻoulu ʻia, lipase hoʻōla i nā kūmole momona o ka kiko o ka adipose, lipoprotein lipase, hoʻemi ka ʻai koko ma hope o kahi ʻai momona i nā momona, kālai ʻia.

ʻO ka pae o ka biosynthesis a me ka mea huna (secretion) o ka insulin e hilinaʻi ana i ka paʻa o ka glucose i ke koko. Me kahi hoʻonui o kāna mea i hoʻonui ai, ʻo ka hoʻokahe nui o ka insulin e ka pancreas e hoʻonui, ʻo ia, ke emi ʻana ka kaohi ʻana o ka glucose i ke koko e hoʻohiolo ana i ka huna ʻana o ka insulin.

ʻO ka insulin ka mālama koʻikoʻi kūikawā no ka maʻi mellitus no ka maʻi, me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hyperglycemia (ka nui o ka glucose koko) a me ka glycosuria (ke kuʻuna o ke kō i loko o ka urine), hou i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka glycogen ma loko o ka puʻuwai a me nā mākala, hoʻemi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka glucose, a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka lipemia maʻi (ka hele ʻana o ka momona i ke koko) hoʻomaikaʻi i ka kūlana maʻamau o ka mea maʻi.

Loaʻa ka Insulin no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau mai ka pancreas o nā pipi a me nā puaʻa. Aia ke ʻano o ke kumu hoʻohālikelike o ka insulin, akā hiki ʻole ke hiki pono ke loaʻa. ʻO nā hana hou biotechnological i kūkulu ʻia no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka insulin o ke kanaka. ʻO ka insulin i loaʻa e ka hoʻokūkini genetic me nā kumu kūpono o ka insulin amino.

I nā hihia i loaʻa i ka insulin mai ka pancreas o nā holoholona, nā ʻano like ʻole (proinsulin, glucagon, self-statin, protein, polypeptides, etc.) hiki i ka hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana. Hiki i nā hoʻomākaukau insulin hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi i ke ʻano o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻO nā ala hou i hiki ke loaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia (monopol - hoʻomaʻemaʻe chromatographically me ke hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kahi "kiʻekiʻe" o ka insulin), hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻia (monocomponent) a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka nui o ka insulin kristal. No ka hoʻomākaukauʻana o ka insulin i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā holoholona, hāʻawi ʻia ka makemake i ka insulin i loaʻa mai ka pancreas o nā puaʻa.

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hana insulin i ka biologically (ma o ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka glucose koko i ka lālani olakino) a me kekahi o nā ʻano physicochemical (electrophoresis ma ka pepa aiʻole chromatography ma ka pepa). No hoʻokahi papa hana (UNIT), a i ʻole hui honua (IE), e hana i ka hana a 0.04082 mg o ka insulin crystalline.

ʻIquelelo Aʻoaʻo:

I ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka insulin i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hana (e ʻike i lalo).

Hoʻohana ʻia ka hana pōkole hana pōkole i kekahi mau hana pathological ʻē aʻe: e hoʻoiho i kahi kūlana hypoglycemic (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko koko) i kekahi mau ʻano o ka schizophrenia, ma ke ʻano he anabolic (e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka synthesis protein) me ka pau ʻole maʻamau, ka nele o ka pono, ka furunculosis (ka nui o ka hookeoke ʻana o ka ʻula) , ka maʻi thyrotoxicosis (maʻi thyroid), me nā maʻi o ka ʻōpū (atony / nalowale o ke kani /, gastroptosis / prolaps o ka ʻōpū /), ka maʻi hepatitis mākuhi (ka punahupa o ke ake paleli). nyh ano o ke akepaa cirrhosis, e like me ka ke keʻena "polarizing" pāʻoihana hoʻohana i malama ia no elike huʻi coronary insufficiency (OOAaAeAa ma waena o cardiac oxygen ma koi a me kona haawi).

Ke koho nei i ka insulin no ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi maʻi i ka luhi a me nā ʻano o ke ʻano o ka maʻi, ka ʻano nui o ka mea maʻi, me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka lōʻihi o ka hopena hypoglycemic o ka lāʻau. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka insulin a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi mahele ke lawe maikaʻi ʻia i loko o kahi haukapila (haukapila).

ʻO nā hoʻomākaukau hana pōkole hana pōkole ʻo ia nā hoʻonā i manaʻo ʻia no ka administrant subcutaneous a i ʻole intramuscular. Inā pono, e mālama pū ʻia nō hoʻi lākou. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena wikiwiki a paʻakikī iki. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i ka subcutaneously a i ʻole intramuscularly 15-20 mau minuke ma mua o ka papaʻaina mai kekahi i kekahi mau manawa i ka lā. ʻO ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻonāukiuki subcutaneous ma hope o nā minuke 15-20, a hiki i ka lōʻihi loa ma hope o 2 mau hola, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hana ma mua o nā hola 6. Ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ka haukapila e hoʻonā i ka dosis o ka insulin i makemake ʻia no ka mea maʻi, me ka mau mea e pono ai e hoʻokō wikiwiki nā hoʻololi i ka hana o ka insulin i ke kino - me kahi coma maʻi maʻi a me ka precom (piha ʻole a mahele paha i ka ʻike o ka naʻau ma muli o ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana i ke kō o ke koko).

Hoʻohui i ka tog 9, hoʻohana ʻia nā mākau hana pōkole hana pōkole ma ke ʻano he anabolic a e kuhikuhi ʻia, me ke kānāwai, ma nā pāʻina liʻiliʻi (4-8 mau kekona 1-2 mau manawa i ka lā).

Loaʻa ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka insulin i nā ʻano like ʻole me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hopena hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kō (semylong, lōʻihi, ultralong). No nā lāʻauʻokoʻa loa, mau ka hopena mai nā hola 10 a hiki i ka 36. Mahalo i kēia mau lāʻau, hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā inikini o kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻopanalo ʻana (i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā wahi paʻa o ka lāʻau i ka wai kahe), mālama ʻia i ka subcutaneously a i ʻole intramuscularly, ʻimi ʻia kahi intravenous. I nā maʻi diabetes coma a me nā kūlana precomatous, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi.

Ke koho ʻana i kahi hoʻomākaukau insulin, pono ia e hōʻoia ua paʻa ka manawa o ka nui o ke koikoi-hoʻohiolo ʻana me ka manawa āu e lawe ai. Inā pono, hiki ke lawelawe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau 2 pono o ka hana lōʻihi. ʻAʻole makemake kekahi mau maʻi e lōʻihi wale nō, akā, ʻo ka maʻamau maʻamau hoʻi i nā pae o ka glucose koko. Pono lākou e kuhikuhi i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka hana o ka insulin.

ʻO ka maʻamau, ke mālama ʻia nei nā lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi ma mua o ka ʻaina kakahiaka, akā inā pono, hiki ke mālama ʻia ke ala i nā hola ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau āpau insulin i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā meaʻai. ʻO ka wehewehe o ka helu ʻona ʻana o ka ikehu (mai 1700 a 3000 khal) e hoʻoholo ʻia e ke kaumaha o ke kino o ka mea maʻi i ka wā mālama, ma ke ʻano o ka hana. No laila, me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka hana ikaika olakino, ʻo ka nui o nā kaloli e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā no ka mea maʻi ma kahi o 3000, me ka momona nui a me ka hana maʻalahi, ʻaʻole pono ia e ʻoi aku iā 2000.

Ke hōʻike nei i nā kaʻe kiʻekiʻe loa, a me ka nele o nā karoli me ka meaʻai, hiki ke hana i kahi kūlana hypoglycemic (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kōhi koko), hui pū ʻia me ka manaʻo o ka pōloli, nāwaliwali, ka huki ʻana, ka haʻalulu ʻana o ke kino, ka ʻeha, ka dizziness, palpitations, euphoria (causeless maikaʻi maikaʻi) a i ʻole huhū . ^ E Ha yM. Ma hope iho, e ulu paha ka hypoglycemic coma (i ka nalowale o ka ʻike, ʻike ʻia e ka piha ʻole o ka hopena o ke kino i ka hōʻeuʻeu o waho ma muli o ke kahe ʻana o ke kō i loko o ke koko) me ka nalowale o ka ʻike, kahakaha, a me kahi laʻana i ka hana cardiac. No ka pale ʻana i kahi kūlana hypoglycemic, pono nā mea maʻi e inu i kī kīʻaha a ʻai ʻana i kekahi mau kukuna o ke kō.

Me ka comog hypoglycemic (e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻa ʻana i ke kōhi koko), ua hāleʻa ʻia kahi hopena 40% glucose i loko o kahi vein i loko o ka nui o 10-40 ml, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 100 ml, akā ʻaʻole hou.

Ke hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hypoglycemia (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko koko) i loko o ke ʻano ʻoiola e hiki ke lawe ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana intramuscular a subcutaneous o glucagon.

He hanana hanana:

Me ka hoʻokolohua kūloko o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka insulin, ka lipodystrophy (kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nui o ke kiko adipose i loko o ka kikoo subcutaneous) hiki mai i ka pūnaewele injection.

Hoʻololi loa kēia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi allergy. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi hopena maʻi maʻi maʻi e pono ka desensitizing koke (pale a pale ʻole paha i ka maʻi o ka maʻi) a me ka hoʻolaʻa hou ʻana i ka lāʻau.

Nā pālua:

ʻO nā maʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insulin ka poʻe i ʻike ʻia me ka hypoglycemia, hepatitis akula, cirrhosis, jaundice hemolytic (ka melemele o ka ʻili a me ka membrane o nā eyeballs i hoʻāla ʻia e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kōpela koko ʻulaʻula), pancreatitis (kaʻiole o ka pancreas), nephritis (kaomi ʻana o ka ʻōpū) maʻi pūpū e pili ana i ka maʻi o ka protein / amyloid metabolism), urolithiasis, ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū duodenal, decompensated puʻuwai puʻuwai (hōʻemi i ka naʻau ma muli o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai nā maʻi o kāna mau valves).

Ke koi nui nui ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea maʻi me ka mellitus maʻi diabetes, e hōʻeha ana i ka maʻi coronary (kahi mismatch ma waena o ka pono o ka naʻau no ka oxygen a me kona hoʻopuka) a me nā lolo kīnā ʻole | nehe koko. Pono e mālama aka i ka wā e noi ai i ka insulin! i nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi thyroid, maʻi a Addison (ʻokoʻa ʻole ka hana adrenal), hana ʻole.

ʻO ka ʻōpū ʻana o ka maʻi ʻōpū e pono e mālama pono ʻia. I ka wā mua o ka hānau ʻana o ka wā hapai, pono ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka insulin a hoʻonui i ka trimesters lua a me ke kolu.

Hoʻopuka ka alp-adrenergic blockers a me nā beta-adrenostimulants, tetracyclines, salicylates e hoʻonui i ka mea huna o ka endogenous (ʻo ka excretion o ke kino i hana ʻia). Diupetics Thiazide (diuretics), beta-blockers, hiki i ka waiʻona ke alakaʻi i ka hypoglycemia.

Wahi mālama:

E mālama ma kahi wela mai +2 a + 10 * C. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka ʻaila manuahi.

Depo-N-insulin, Isofaninsulin, Iletin I, Insulinatard, Insulin B, Insulin-B SC, Insulin BP, Insulin M, Insulin Actrapid MS, Insulin Actrapid FM, Insulin Actrapid FM Penfill, Insulin Velosulin, Insulin Tape, Insulin Tape, Insulin Tape, Insulin Tape, Insulin Insulin tape MK, Insulin monotard, Insulin monotard MK, Insulin monotard NM, Insulin protofan NM penfill, Insulin rapard MK, Insulin semilent MS, Insulin superlente, Insulin ultlente, Insulin ultlente MS, Insulin ultongardum, Insulinlingleng, Insulinlingleng, Insulinlinglong, Insulong, Insulrap GP , Insulrap R, Insulrap SPP, Insuman basal, Insuman comb, Insuman wikiwiki, Insuman wikiwiki no optipena, Comb-N-insulin Hoechst, Tape ilethin I, Tape ilethin II, Monosuinsulin, N-Insulin Hoechst, N-Insulin Hoehst 100 Iletin I, NPH Iletin II, Iletin Kūola I, Iletin II, Kūinsulin, Homorap-100, Homofan 100, Humulin L, Humulin Mi, Humulin Mj, Humulin Mz, Humulin M4, Humulin N, Humulin NPH, Humulin R Humulin S, Humulin tape, Humulin maʻamau, Humulin ultralente.

ʻO 1 ml o kahi hoʻonā a i ʻole ka hoʻōki paha i loaʻa i nā hui 40.

Wahi a nā kumu kumu o ka hana ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ka insulin mai nā pancreas holoholona a synthesized me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano loea genetic. E like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana mai ka inika mai nā lau holoholona i loko o ka monopol (MP) a me ka monocomponent (MK). Loaʻa i kēia manawa mai ka pancreas puaʻa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou me ka leka C (SMP - puaʻa pipi, SMK - puaʻa monocomponent), pipi - leka G (pipi: GMP - beef monopick, GMK - beef monocomponent). Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā insulin i kānaka e ka leka C.

Mamuli o ka lōʻihi o ka hana, ua ʻoka ʻia nā insulins i:

a) hana hōʻeha pōkole hana pōkole: hoʻomaka i ka hana ma hope o 15-30 mau minuke, ʻoi loa ka hana ma hope o 1 / 2-2 mau hola, ka lōʻihi o ka hana i nā hola 4-6.

b) e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin e hoʻohana ai i nā lāʻau o ka manawa lōʻihi (e hoʻomaka ana ma hope o 1 / 2-2 mau hola, ka lōʻihi ma hope o 3-12 mau hola, ka lōʻihi o 8-12 mau hola), nā lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi (hoʻomaka ma hope o 4-8 mau hola, ka pihi ma hope o 8-18 mau hola, ʻo ka lōʻihi o 20-30 mau hola).

Hoʻomoe no kahi hana like:

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi ʻike i kēia lāʻau lapaʻau i kāu mau maʻi - e kaʻana i ka hopena (waiho i kahi ʻōlelo) Ua kōkua anei kēia lāʻau lapaʻau i ka mea maʻi, ua loaʻa paha kekahi hopena maikaʻi i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana? E nānā i kou ʻike i kāu mau hoa hana a me nā maʻi.

Inā ua kau ʻia kēia lāʻau lapaʻau iā ʻoe a ua hele ʻoe i kahi ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, haʻi mai iaʻu inā maikaʻi (a inā paha na kōkua), inā he hopena kūpono paha, nā mea āu e makemake ai / ʻaʻole makemake. Ke nānā nei nā tausani o nā kānaka i nā loiloi pūnaewele ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Aka, wale no e waiho ia lakou. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e waiho i ka pane i kēia kumuhana - ʻaʻohe mea e koe.

ʻAoa: Insulin

Nā hōʻailona no ka hoʻohana ʻana:
ʻO ke ʻano nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insulin ka ʻano ʻo I diabetes mellitus (kūlike i ka insulin), akā ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano i kuhikuhi ʻia no ka maʻi mellitus type II (non-insulin-dependant).

Hoʻolaha hana:
ʻO ka insulin ka lāʻau momona hoʻohiolo kūikawā, loaʻa iā ia ke hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā pakanā ka lolo, hoʻonui i ka uptake glucose e nā ʻāpana a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona hoʻololi ʻana i ka glycogen, a ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa pū i ka komo ʻana o ka glucose i loko o nā sela kiko.
Hoʻohui i ka hopena hypoglycemic (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kō o ke koko), he nui nā hopena o ka insulin: e hoʻonui ana i nā hale kūʻai glycogen, hoʻoulu i ka syntept peptide, hoʻoemi i ka ʻai o protein, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka insulin me ka hoʻoulu ʻia a ʻae ʻole paha i ka ʻāʻī o kekahi mau enzyme, glycogen synthetase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, hexokinase hoʻoulu ʻia, lipase hoʻōla i nā kūmole momona o ka kiko adipose, lipoprotein lipase, e hōʻemi ana i ka "haze" o ka serum koko ma hope o kaʻai ʻana i ka momona, hoʻowalewale ʻia.
ʻO ka pae o ka biosynthesis a me ka mea huna (secretion) o ka insulin e hilinaʻi ana i ka paʻa o ka glucose i ke koko. Me kahi hoʻonui o kāna mea i hoʻonui ai, ʻo ka hoʻokahe nui o ka insulin e ka pancreas e hoʻonui, ʻo ia, ke emi ʻana ka kaohi ʻana o ka glucose i ke koko e hoʻohiolo ana i ka huna ʻana o ka insulin.
I ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena o ka insulin, ua kaʻi ʻia ka hana koʻikoʻi e kona ʻano me kahi mea hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā i hoʻoili ʻia i ka membrane plasma o ka pā, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pūnaehana ʻona insulin. ʻO ka mea hoʻohana o ka insulin i hui pū me ka insulin e komo i ka pūleʻa, kahi e pili ai i ka ka ph100 o nā protein cellular, ʻaʻole maopopo loa i nā ʻano intracellular.
ʻO ka insulin ka mālama koʻikoʻi ma ka mellitus maʻi diabetes, me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hyperglycemia (ka nui o ka glucose o ke koko) a me ka glycosuria (ke kuʻuna o ke kō i loko o ka urine), hou i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka glycogen ma ke ake a me nā ʻāʻī, hōʻemi i ka hana glucose, a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka lipemia maʻi (ʻo ka nui o ka momona i ke koko) , e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlana maʻamau o ka mea maʻi.
Loaʻa ka Insulin no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau mai ka pancreas o nā pipi a me nā puaʻa. Aia ke ʻano o ke kumu hoʻohālikelike o ka insulin, akā hiki ʻole ke hiki pono ke loaʻa. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hana biotechnological no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā insulin kanaka. Ke kūlike nei ka insulin i loaʻa e ka ʻenehana genetic me nā polokalamu waikela amino o ka insulin kanaka.
I nā hihia i loaʻa i ka insulin mai ka pancreas o nā holoholona, nā ʻano like ʻole (proinsulin, glucagon, self-statin, protein, polypeptides, etc.) i loaʻa i ka huahana ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hiki i nā huahana insulin i hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi i ke ʻano o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻO nā ala hou i hiki ke loaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia (monopala - hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka chromatographically me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka "peak" o ka insulin), hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻia (monocomponent) a me nā huahana insulin i ʻāpono. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka nui o ka insulin kristal. ʻO nā huahana o ka insulin o ka hoʻomakaʻana o nā holoholona, hāʻawi ʻia ka makemake i ka insulin i loaʻa mai ke pancreas o nā puaʻa.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hana insulin i ka biologically (ma o ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka glucose koko i ka lālani olakino) a me kekahi o nā ʻano physicochemical (electrophoresis ma ka pepa aiʻole chromatography ma ka pepa). No hoʻokahi papa hana (UNIT), a i ʻole hui honua (IE), e hana i ka hana a 0.04082 mg o ka insulin crystalline.

Nā Penikala Insulin a me ke Kūlana:
I ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻohana nā huahana insulin o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hana (e ʻike i lalo).
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hana pōkole hana pōkole i kekahi mau hana pathological ʻē aʻe: e hoʻolilo i kahi kūlana hypoglycemic (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko koko) i kekahi mau ʻano o ka schizophrenia, me kahi anabolic (e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka synt synthesis) lāʻau me ka mau hoʻoluhi ākea, malnutrisyon, furunculosis (nui o ka mumule hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke ʻano) ), he thyrotoxicosis (maʻi thyroid), me nā maʻi o ka ʻōpū (atony / nalowale o ke kani /, gastroptosis / prolaps o ka ʻōpū /), ka maʻi hepatitis mākaʻi (pākuhi o ka nūpepa paloka). lax form of cirrhosis ate, a me kahi mea i nā o ka "polarizing" solution i hoʻohana i ka mālama coronary insufficiency (mismatch ma waena o ke koi o ka oxygen o ka puʻuwai a me kona lawe ʻana).
Ke koho nei i ka insulin no ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi diabetes i ka koʻikoʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka maʻi o ka maʻi, ka ʻano nui o ka mea maʻi, a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka lōʻihi o ka hopena o nā honi haʻahaʻa o ka huahana. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka insulin a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi mahele ke lawe maikaʻi ʻia i loko o kahi haukapila (haukapila).
ʻO nā hoʻomākaukau hana pōkole hana pōkole ʻo ia nā hoʻonā i manaʻo ʻia no ka administrant subcutaneous a i ʻole intramuscular. Inā pono, e mālama pū ʻia nō hoʻi lākou. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena wikiwiki a paʻakikī iki. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i ka subcutaneously a i ʻole intramuscularly 15-20 mau minuke ma mua o ka papaʻaina mai kekahi i kekahi mau manawa i ka lā. ʻO ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻonāukiuki subcutaneous ma hope o nā minuke 15-20, a hiki i ka lōʻihi loa ma hope o 2 mau hola, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana ma mua o nā hola 6. Ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ka haukapila e hoʻonā i ka dosis o ka insulin i makemake ʻia no ka mea maʻi, i kēlā mau hanana eia ka pono nā hoʻololi i ka hana o ka insulin i ke kino - me kahi coma maʻi maʻi a me ka precom (piha ʻole a mahele paha i ka ʻike o ka naʻau ma muli o ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana i ke kō o ke koko).
Hoʻohui i ka tog 9, hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana insulin pōkole e hana i ka ʻona a anabolic e kuhikuhi ʻia, e like me ke kānāwai, i nā wai liʻiliʻi (4-8 mau papa 1-2 i kēlā me kēia lā).
Loaʻa ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka insulin i nā ʻano like ʻole me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hopena hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kō (semylong, lōʻihi, ultralong). No nā huahana like, kū ka hopena mai nā hola 10 a hiki i ka 36. Mahalo i kēia mau huahana, hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā inikini o kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻopanalo (i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā ʻōhua paʻa o kahi huahana i kahi wai), mālama ʻia wale nō subcutaneously or intramuscularly, intravenous administration. I nā maʻi diabetes coma a me nā kūlana precomatous, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana lōʻihi.
Ke koho ʻana i kahi huahana no ka insulin, pono ia e hōʻoia ua paʻa ka manawa o ka nui o ke koikoi-hoʻohiolo ʻana me ka manawa āu e kākau ai. Inā pono, hiki ke lawelawe ʻia nā huahana 2 o ka hana lōʻihi i hoʻokahi syringe. ʻAʻole makemake kekahi mau maʻi e lōʻihi wale nō, akā, ʻo ka maʻamau maʻamau hoʻi i nā pae o ka glucose koko. Pono lākou e kuhikuhi i nā huahana insulin lōʻihi o ka hana.
ʻO ka maʻamau, mālama ʻia nā huahana o ka wā lōʻihi ma mua o ka ʻaina kakahiaka, akā inā pono, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i kahi maʻi i nā manawa ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana insulin āpau inā ua hoʻokō ʻia nā koiʻai. ʻO ka wehewehe o ka helu ʻona ʻana o ka ikehu (mai 1700 a 3000 khal) e hoʻoholo ʻia e ke kaumaha o ke kino o ka mea maʻi i ka wā mālama, ma ke ʻano o ka hana. No laila, me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka hana paʻakikī olakino, ʻo ka nui o nā kaloli e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā no ka mea maʻi ma kahi o 3000, me ka momona nui a me ka nohona hoʻomau, ʻaʻole pono ia e ʻoi aku iā 2000.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kiʻomika nui loa, a me ka nele o nā karika me ka meaʻai, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi kūlana hypoglycemic (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko koko), hui pū ʻia me ka ʻoliʻoli o ka nāwaliwali, nāwaliwali, ka huki ʻana, ka haʻalulu o ke kino, ka ʻeha, ka dizziness, palpitations, euphoria (causeless ʻano maikaʻi) a i ʻole huhū. Ma ka hopena o ka hypoglycemic coma e ulu (lilo ka ʻike, ʻike ʻia e ka piha ʻole o nā hopena ʻana i ke kino i ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana ma muli o ke kahe ʻana o ke kō i loko o ke koko) me ka nalowale o ka ʻike, hoʻopiʻi a me ke kaha hāʻule i ka hana ʻoi. No ka pale ʻana i kahi kūlana hypoglycemic, pono nā mea maʻi e inu i kī kīʻaha a ʻai ʻana i kekahi mau kukuna o ke kō.
Me ka comog hypoglycemic (e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻa ʻana i ke kōhi koko), ua hāleʻa ʻia kahi hopena 40% glucose i loko o kahi vein i loko o ka nui o 10-40 ml, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 100 ml, akā ʻaʻole hou.
Ke hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hypoglycemia (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko koko) i loko o ke ʻano ʻoiola e hiki ke lawe ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana intramuscular a subcutaneous o glucagon.

Nā contulinications:
ʻO nā maʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insulin ka poʻe i ʻike ʻia me ka hypoglycemia, hepatitis akula, cirrhosis, jaundice hemolytic (ka melemele o ka ʻili a me ka membrane o nā eyeballs i hoʻāla ʻia e ka hoʻokaʻina ʻana o nā ʻāpana koko ʻulaʻula), pancreatitis (nāʻiole o ka pancreas), nephritis (ʻeha o ka ʻōpū) maʻi pūpū e pili ana i ka maʻi o ka protein / amyloid metabolism), urolithiasis, ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū duodenal, decompensated puʻuwai naʻau (hōʻemi o ka naʻau ma muli o ka hana āpau. levania o kāna mau kūloko).
Ke koi nui nui ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea maʻi me ka mellitus maʻi diabetes, e hōʻeha ana i ka maʻi coronary (kahi mismatch ma waena o ka pono o ka oxygen ma loko o ka puʻuwai a me kona hoʻopuka) a me nā lolo kīnā ʻole | nehe koko. Pono e mālama ʻia inā e hoʻohana ana i ka insulin! i nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi thyroid, maʻi a Addison (ʻaʻole lawa o ka hana adrenal), hana ʻole.
Pono e mālama ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻana ma lalo o ka mākaʻikaʻi kokoke. I ka wā mua o ka hānau ʻana o ka wā hapai, pono ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka insulin a hoʻonui i ka trimesters lua a me ke kolu.
Hoʻopuka ka alp-adrenergic blockers a me nā beta-adrenostimulants, tetracyclines, salicylates e hoʻonui i ka mea huna o ka endogenous (ʻo ka excretion o ke kino i hana ʻia). Diupetics Thiazide (diuretics), beta-blockers, hiki i ka waiʻona ke alakaʻi i ka hypoglycemia.

Nā hua ʻaoʻao Insulin:
Me ka hoʻokolohua kūloko o nā huahana insulin, lipodystrophy (kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nui o ke kiko adipose i loko o ka kiko subutanant) e hana ma ka pūnaewele injection.
Hōʻike pinepine ʻole nā huahana insulin i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ke ʻano o nā alerine, akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hihia. Ke hoʻomohala nei i kahi hanana alerine maʻi kūloko e koi koke i ka desensitizing (pale ʻana i ke kāohi ʻana paha i ka maʻi o ka maʻi) a me nā hoʻololi o ka huahana.

Kuhi puka:
Ua loaa ka Syringe insulin i loko o | hue wai aniani hermetically a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā pahu hao me ka male ʻana o ka alumini.

Nā pāʻalua:
Depo-N-insulin, Isofaninsulin, Iletin I, Insulinatard, Insulin B, Insulin-B SC, Insulin BP, Insulin M, Insulin Actrapid MS, Insulin Actrapid FM, Insulin Actrapid FM Penfill, Insulin Velosulin, Insulin Tape, Insulin Tape, Insulin Tape, Insulin Tape, Insulin Insulin tape MK, Insulin monotard, Insulin monotard MK, Insulin monotard NM, Insulin protofan NM penfill, Insulin rapard MK, Insulin semilent MS, Insulin superlente, Insulin ultlente, Insulin ultlente MS, Insulin ultongardum, Insulinlingleng, Insulinlingleng, Insulinlinglong, Insulong, Insulrap GP , Insulrap R, Insulrap SPP, Insuman basal, Insuman comb, Insuman wikiwiki, Insuman wikiwiki no optipena, Comb-N-insulin Hoechst, Tape ilethin I, Tape ilethin II, Monosuinsulin, N-Insulin Hoechst, N-Insulin Hoehst 100 Iletin I, NPH Iletin II, Iletin Kūola I, Iletin II, Kūinsulin, Homorap-100, Homofan 100, Humulin L, Humulin Mi, Humulin Mj, Humulin Mz, Humulin M4, Humulin N, Humulin NPH, Humulin R Humulin S, Humulin tape, Humulin maʻamau, Humulin ultralente.

Wahi mālama:
E mālama ma kahi wela mai +2 a + 10 * C. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka manuahi ʻana o nā huahana.

ʻĀina Insulin:
ʻO 1 ml o kahi hoʻonā a i ʻole ka hoʻōki paha i loaʻa i nā hui 40.
Wahi a nā kumu kumu o ka hana ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ka insulin mai nā pancreas holoholona a synthesized me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano loea genetic. E like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana mai ka inika mai nā lau holoholona i loko o ka monopol (MP) a me ka monocomponent (MK). Loaʻa i kēia manawa mai ka pancreas puaʻa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou me ka leka C (SMP - puaʻa pipi, SMK - puaʻa monocomponent), pipi - leka G (pipi: GMP - beef monopick, GMK - beef monocomponent). Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā insulin i kānaka e ka leka C.
Mamuli o ka lōʻihi o ka hana, ua ʻoka ʻia nā insulins i:
he) mea hana pōkole hana pōkole: hoʻomaka i ka hana ma hope o 15-30 mau minuke, ʻoi loa ka hana ma hope o 1 / 2-2 mau hola, ka lōʻihi o ka hana i nā hola 4-6.
b) nā huahana insulin lōʻihi e hana ana i nā huahana o ka lōʻihi (e hoʻomaka ana ma hope o 1 / 2-2 mau hola, ka lōʻihi ma hope o 3-12 mau hola, ka lōʻihi o ka manawa 8-12 mau hola), nā huahana hana lōʻihi (ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hola 4-8. ma hope o 8-18 mau hola, ʻo ka lōʻihi o 20-30 mau hola).

Hoʻolohe
Ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, pono ʻoe e nīnau i kāu kauka.
Hāʻawi ʻia nā kauoha i nā mea pono e familiarize iā ʻoe iho me "".

ʻO ka hana nui o ka insulin hika, ʻaʻole wale ia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose i kahi pae maʻamau, akā ke hoʻopuka nei pū, me nā mea ʻē aʻe a kekahi e loaʻa ai me ka meaʻai, i nā ʻōnaehana a pau o ke kino. ʻO ka mea hoʻonāʻana o ka insulin e kau ana ma luna o kēlā me kēia pālehu a me kāna kuleana e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea kanu a me ka insulin i loko e kōkua i nā kinona e hoʻohuʻi i nā mea.

Inā hana ka pancreas, kahi i hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka hāmeʻa, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō i nā hana a hoʻoulu ʻole ia i ka hua kūpono, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka mea ikaika o ka meaʻai i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻOiai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pae o ka glucose i loko o ke koko, ʻaʻole ia i lilo no kona kumu i manaʻo ʻia, a me nā pūpuna i loko ona i ʻike ʻole ʻia e hoʻomaka ai e ʻike i ka pōloli a make ma hope o kekahi manawa.

ʻO ka mea mua, alakaʻi kēia i nā mea pili i ke kino, a laila a i ka make. Ma kahi mau hapa o hoʻokahi kenekulia i hala, ua pepehi ʻia ka mea maʻi i ka maʻi maʻi. Akā ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka insulin, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe maʻi āpau e alakaʻi i kahi ola olakino, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka mākaukau ʻana o ka insulin i ke kūʻai ʻana: kūʻai kumu kā lākou kumukūʻai a hiki ke kūʻai ʻia ma kekahi lāʻau kūʻai.

ʻAʻole kuhikuhi koke ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā insulin. Ua hana lākou ma hope o nā papa i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pae o ka glucose i kūpono ʻole. ʻO ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau he ʻula a ʻulaʻula paha. Hoʻohana ʻia ka huahana i makemake ʻia no nā injections home i loko o nā hue, ʻo ka puka hoʻokuʻu kahi ʻelima a me hoʻokahi mau mililika. ʻO ka insulin no ka hoʻohana olakino he ʻano hoʻokuʻu i kahi keʻokeʻo hygroscopic keʻokeʻo, ka wai hoʻōla-wai.

ʻAʻole i kēia manawa nā mana koho i ka injections, mālama ʻia lākou i ka subcutaneously, intramuscularly a i ʻole intravenously (wale kūleu, kūwaho ʻana ka hana o ka insulin soluble i ka wai ua inikini intravenously). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua ʻōlelo Subcutaneous a me Intramuscular i kahi syringe insulin a i ʻole ka injector insulin. He mea kūpono i kahi paʻa o ka polokalamu, hoʻoluhi ʻia ka hormone me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke pihi, no laila hiki ke halihali pū me ʻoe a hiki nō i ke keiki ke hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia.

Me ia, ʻaʻole hiki i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ke hāʻawi wale iā ia iho, akā, kū hoʻokahi pū kekahi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. E hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu, hana wale ia ma nā pahu pahu mua, he uku nui ia, no laila hiki ʻole i nā mea āpau ke uku ʻia, ʻoi aku ke manaʻo ʻoe e pono ai nā maʻi maʻi ʻekolu mau mea like ʻole.

ʻAʻole hana ʻia ka Insulin i nā papa i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia hopena i ke ʻano i ke kino e like me ka subcutaneous, intramuscular a i ʻole intravenous injections. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomohala i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no ka hoʻokolohua waha e hana ʻole i ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā inikini, akā naʻe ke ʻano o kēia ʻano hoʻokuʻi o ka lāʻau i nā hoʻokau haumania.

Hoʻouka

Wahi a ka helu, hoʻokaʻawale ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin ma ka mua, ka lōʻihi o ka hana, ka nui o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO nā huahana Insulin i hana ʻia ma ke kumu o nā hormones i loaʻa mai i ka pancreas o kahi bipi, puaʻa a ma o nā ʻano maoli, he mea hoʻohālike i ka hormone kanaka. ʻOkoʻa ka insulin Beef mai ka hāmeʻa o ke kanaka i ka nui o nā amino amino, a laila hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i nā hopena kūlohelohe nui a alakaʻi i nā hopena o ka maʻi maʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Hoʻopili maikaʻi ke kino o ke kanaka i ka insulin puaʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi: ua ʻokoʻa ia i ka hormone kanaka i hoʻokahi kinikona amino, no laila he ʻokoʻa ka allergenic, ʻoiai he kumu hoʻi ʻo ka proinsulin a me C-peptide e kumu ai nā alaka. No laila, no nā mea maʻi āpau, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin i hōʻemi ʻia ka hopena o ka hōʻea ʻana, me ka analogue a nā ʻenehana a ke kanaka, kahi mea i loaʻa i ka mahalo i ka ʻenehana genetic (ua kapa ʻia lākou he "insulin kanaka," e hoʻohālikelike ana i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa).

ʻAʻole nele ka hormone synthet i ka proinsulin kumu-alū, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kino, ke ʻano kūlohelohe i ka mea maʻamau a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka contraindications.

ʻO kēia honi ua hana ʻia e ka huaʻai yeast a hoʻololi ʻia i ka colin Escherichia coli i waiho ʻia i loko o kahi meaʻai momona, hiki ke hana i ka insina ponoʻenehana ponoʻī a ke kanaka. No ka mea ua nui ka nui o nā huahana i hana ʻia, aia ka poʻe ʻepekema e manaʻo nei e loli koke ka mea nānā i ka holoholona.

ʻO ka manawa hōʻoia

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau o ka lāʻau pharmacological o ka insulin e ʻokoʻa i ka lōʻihi o ka hana: he pokole, waena a lōʻihi.ʻO nā huahana me kahi hana pōkole (ma kahi o ʻeono mau hola) e hōʻike ʻia e ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke kino: hoʻomaka lākou e lau ia ma loko o ka hapalua hola ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana a loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena kiʻekiʻe ʻelua a ʻekolu mau hola ma hope o ke kū ʻia.

ʻO nā huahana i helu ʻia e like me nā hōʻola o ke kau ʻana ma ke ʻano he helu zinc, no ka mea ua hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia ka hormone. Hoʻomaka lākou e hana ma hope - ma hope oʻelua mau hola, hiki ke nānā ʻia nā uku kiʻekiʻe ma hope o nā hola 8-14, e mau ana ka hopena ma kahi lā.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ka manawa lōʻihi ka mea i pono ai e hoʻomaha i nā mea maʻi o nā inikini pinepine ʻia o ka insulin (ma o ʻekolu a i ʻehā mau manawa i ka lā): no ka maikaʻi loa o ka psyche i kēlā me kēia maʻi, a no laila e hōʻeha i ka ʻeha. Eia kekahi, ma hope o nā kaha inikua i ka wahi o ka injection, hiki i ka hematomas ke ʻano a i ʻole nā maʻi paha ke komo.

I kekahi mau hihia, ʻōlelo nā kauka i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā huahana o ka insulin hana maʻalahi a pōkole. Ma kēia hihia, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e kūʻai i nā lāʻau lapaʻau mai ka mea like i ka mea hana i ka mea kūʻai, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā lāʻau mai nā hui like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he ʻano ʻē aʻe, he ʻulana, a me nā ʻano like ʻole e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kēlā me kēia inā i kūʻai ʻia mai nā mea like ʻole e hoʻohui ʻia i ka pūlike me nā mea i koi ʻia.

aia nā mākaukau insulin, ʻo ka lōʻihi o 24 mai ka 36 mau hola. Hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻopilikia i ke kino i ʻelua mau hola ma hope o ke komo ʻana, ʻo 16 ka manawa o ka hana lōʻihi loa he 16-20 mau hola, a laila hoʻomaka ka hāʻule.

ʻO kēlā mau lāʻau lapaʻau e ʻōlelo maʻamau i ka poʻe maʻi me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka insulin, mea kūpono hoʻi ia no ka poʻe ʻelemakule a ʻo nā mea ʻike ʻia paha nā pilikia o ka hiki ke hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi maʻi hōʻola ma luna o lākou iho a hilinaʻi i ka hiki ʻana mai o ke kahu. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi me ka waiū ʻo 5 a me 10 mau pahu hū me nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia me nā mea hao.

ʻOiai ka lōʻihi o ka hopena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi, makemake nā kauka i nā insulins pōkole a me ka medium. Hoʻomaʻomaʻo ka poʻe maʻi iā lākou ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi: inā ʻo ka hopena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau he ʻoi aku ma mua o ka iwakāluakumāhā mau hola, i ke kakahiaka nui ka pilikia o hypoglycemia.

Nā Kihi Hoʻopiʻi

ʻO ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau mai ka hui o ka insulin e lawe, a ma nā ʻano he hapa, e hoʻoholo ʻia e ke kauka a hāʻawi i nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī: ʻo nā hōʻailona ma kēlā me kēia hihia he hoʻokahi a ʻaʻohe ala hoʻokahi o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. Pono ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i ka pae o ka glucose i loko o ke koko a inā pono, hoʻoponopono ʻia.

Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hormone e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka pancreas o kahi kanaka olakino, a laila ʻo ka nui o kēlā me kēia lā mai 30 a 40 mau pūʻulu. Kūlike ʻia nā ʻano maʻamau (mai 30 a 50 mau pūʻulu) no ka maʻi maʻi maʻi, me kaʻole o ke kumu o ka insulin. I kēia hihia, pono e lawe i ka 2/3 o ke ʻano maʻamau i ke kakahiaka, ke koena - i ke ahiahi. Ke hana nei i ka hoʻololi mai ka holoholona a i ka insulin kanaka, e like me nā ʻōlelo i, e hoʻēmi ʻia ana ka nui, no ka mea, ua hoʻomoʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka hormone genetically me ka maikaʻi o ke kino.

Manaʻo ia hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi loa ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau pōkole a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa; no laila, hilinaʻi ka papa hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma ia mea. I waena o nā helu nui o nā hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono, ke hana nei ka mea i kēia manawa:

i ke kakahiaka i ka wā kakahiaka kakahiaka, e lawe i ka lāʻau lapaʻau me ka wā lōʻihi o ka hana, a me ka lōʻihi waena (pehea e hana ai kēia, e haʻi aku ke kauka). Ma mua o ka ʻaina ʻaina - ka hana pōkole, i ka pō, i 22 a me 23 mau hola - he mākaukau lōʻihi loa
ʻO ka insulin me kahi wā pōkole o ka hana, inject ma mua o ka ʻaina kakahiaka, ka ʻaina awakea a me ka ʻaina awakea, ma mua o kahi moe, i ka 23 oʻe - hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin i ka lōʻihi a i ʻole ka lōʻihi.
medium a lōʻihi paha e hana i ka wanaʻao i ke kakahiaka, pōkole - ma mua o ka ʻaina kakahiaka, ʻaina awakea a me ka ʻaina ʻaina (ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ala ma mua o ka mea i hala).

Inā ʻōlelo kau kauka hoʻokahi i kekahi lāʻau lapaʻau, kahi lāʻau lapaʻau me ka manawa pōkole e hana ʻia e hōʻeha ʻia ʻekolu manawa i ka lā, a me ka lōʻihi awelika - ʻelua mau manawa i ka lā: e hāʻawi ʻia nā inikua 45 mau minuke ma mua o ka ʻaina kakahiaka a ma mua o ka ʻaina. ʻO kahi mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole e poina e kamaʻilio i ka wā e kamaʻilio ai e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insulin a hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o ka insulin e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻaʻole wale a intramuscularly aiʻole subcutaneously, akā hoʻi intravenously. ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi (hoʻokuʻu i ke ʻano 5 a me 10 ml) ʻaʻole i lawelawe ʻia ma ka hana.

Nā hopena hopena

ʻAʻole aneane nā contulinications: inā ʻaʻole kūpono kahi hua, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā hiki mai paha nā hopena kūpono. He mea nui ia i ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi maʻi e nānā i ka dosage: ʻoi loa iho ke hōʻemi a hōʻemi paha i ka wīwī i pāpā ʻia i mea ʻole. Ma muli o ka nele o ka glucose a me ka nui o ka pā maʻamau, hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻule i loko o kahi coma a make (e like me nā helu helu ʻehā, ʻehā hapaha o nā mea maʻi ma lalo o ka makahiki he kanalima ka make no kēia kumu).

ʻO kekahi pilikia maʻamau ʻo ia nā maʻi kūlohelohe, hiki ke hiki ma ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka insulin i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā holoholona. I nā hōʻailona mua (ke ʻano o ka gohu, ke kaumaha ʻana o ka maikaʻi), pono ʻoe e nīnau i ke kauka a hoʻololi i ka insulin o ke kanaka. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e hana i kēlā me ke kalone i loko o ka haukapila ma lalo o ka mākaʻi o ke kauka, kahi hiki ke mālama pono i ka pae o ka glucose a hoʻoponopono i ka maʻi kūpono.

ʻO kekahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe paha ka atrophy a i ʻole hypertrophy o ka adipose kiko ma ka wahi i ʻōlelo ʻia. ʻO kēia pilikia ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insulin beef maʻa a ua loaʻa ka wā i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka porcine hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a i ʻole hoʻi i ka insulin kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia e lawe i kahi pōʻino nui, akā pono e hoʻololi ʻia kahi ma ka inikua, no ka mea hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka insulin. Pono e hana ʻia kēia i ka kūkākūkā me ke kauka, no ka mea i kēlā me kēia wahi o ke kino kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka lāʻau.

ʻO ka Insulin kahi lāʻau lapaʻau kōkeke kūʻokoʻa. , hiki i ka hana ke hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka hana o ka glucose, hoʻonui i ka pakanā o ka glucose a hoʻonui i kona hoʻololi i ka glycogen, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻi i ka ke komo ʻana o ka glucose i loko o nā wahi kiko.
Hoʻohui i ka hopena hypoglycemic (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kō o ke koko), he nui nā hopena o ka insulin: e hoʻonui ana i nā hale kūʻai glycogen, hoʻoulu i ka syntept peptide, hoʻoemi i ka ʻai o protein, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka insulin me ka hoʻoulu ʻia a ʻae ʻana paha (inhibition) o kekahi mau enzymes , he glycogen synthetase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, hexokinase ka hoʻāla ʻia, lipase hoʻōla ʻana i ka momona momona o ka hua adipose, lipoprotein lipase, hoʻēmi i ka puhaka koko ma hope o ka ʻaina momona i ka momona, kālai ʻia.
ʻO ka pae o ka biosynthesis a me ka mea huna (secretion) o ka insulin e hilinaʻi ana i ka paʻa o ka glucose i ke koko.
Me kahi hoʻonui o kāna mea i hoʻonui ai, ʻo ka hoʻokahe nui o ka insulin e ka pancreas e hoʻonui, ʻo ia, ke emi ʻana ka kaohi ʻana o ka glucose i ke koko e hoʻohiolo ana i ka huna ʻana o ka insulin.

I ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena o ka insulin, ua kaʻi ʻia ka hana koʻikoʻi e kona ʻano me kahi mea hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā i hoʻoili ʻia i ka membrane plasma o ka pā, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pūnaehana ʻona insulin.
ʻO ka ʻekaʻana o ka insulin i hui pū me ka insulin e komo i ka pūlapa , kahi e pili ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia o nā ʻōnaehana cellular, ʻaʻole maopopo loa kahi hanana intracellular.
ʻO ka insulin ka mālama koʻikoʻi ma ka mellitus maʻi diabetes, me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hyperglycemia (ka nui o ka glucose o ke koko) a me ka glycosuria (ke kuʻuna o ke kō i loko o ka urine), hou i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka glycogen ma loko o ke ake a me nā ʻāʻī, hoʻemi i ka hana glucose, a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka lipemia maʻi (ka nui o ka momona i ke koko) , hoʻomaikaʻi i ka kūlana maʻamau o ka mea maʻi .

Loaʻa ka Insulin no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau mai ka pancreas o nā pipi a me nā puaʻa . ^ E Ha yM. Aia ke ʻano o ke kumu hoʻohālikelike o ka insulin, akā hiki ʻole ke hiki pono ke loaʻa.
ʻO nā hana hou biotechnological i kūkulu ʻia no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka insulin o ke kanaka. Ke kūlike nei ka insulin i loaʻa e ka ʻenehana genetic me nā polokalamu waikela amino o ka insulin kanaka.
I nā hihia i loaʻa i ka insulin mai ka pancreas o nā holoholona, nā ʻano like ʻole (proinsulin, glucagon, self-statin, protein, polypeptides, etc.) hiki i ka hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana.
Hiki i nā hoʻomākaukau insulin hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi i ke ʻano o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻO nā ala hou i hiki ke loaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia (monopol - hoʻomaʻemaʻe chromatographically me ke hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kahi "kiʻekiʻe" o ka insulin), hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻia (monocomponent) a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin.
I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka nui o ka insulin kristal.
No ka hoʻomākaukauʻana o ka insulin i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā holoholona, hāʻawi ʻia ka makemake i ka insulin i loaʻa mai ka pancreas o nā puaʻa.

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hana o ka insulin i ka biologically (ma o ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nui o ke koko i ka wai olakino olakino) a me kekahi o nā ʻano physicochemical (electrophoresis ma ka pepa a i ʻole chromatography ma ka pepa). No hoʻokahi papa hana (UNIT), a i ʻole hui honua (IE), e hana i ka hana a 0.04082 mg o ka insulin crystalline.

ʻO ke ʻano nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insulin ka ʻano ʻo I diabetes mellitus (kūlike i ka insulin), akā ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano i kuhikuhi ʻia no ka maʻi mellitus type II (non-insulin-dependant).

I ka malama ana i ka maʻi maʻi e hoʻohana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā insulin o nā mea like ʻole o ka hana .
ʻO ka insulin hana pōkole i kekahi mau kaʻina hana no ka hoʻokaumaha ʻana i ke kūlana hypoglycemic (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko koko) i kekahi mau ʻano o ka schizophrenia, ma ke ʻano he anabolic (e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka synthesis protein) a me ka hoʻoluhi nui ʻana, ka nele o ka ʻai, ka furunculosis (ka nui o ka hookeokoke ʻana o ka ʻula), thyrotoxicosis (maʻi thyroid) nā honu), me nā maʻi o ka ʻōpū (atony / nalowale o ke kani /, gastroptosis / prolaps o ka ʻōpū /), ka maʻi hepatitis (ke kuʻi ʻana o ka puna o ka ate), nā ʻano mua o ka cirrhosis ate, a me nā mea like ke keʻena "polarizing" pāʻoihana hoʻohana i malama ia no elike huʻi coronary insufficiency (OOAaAeAa ma waena o cardiac oxygen ma koi a me kona haawi).

Ke koho nei i ka insulin no ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi maʻi i ka luhi a me nā ʻano o ke ʻano o ka maʻi, ka ʻano nui o ka mea maʻi, me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka lōʻihi o ka hopena hypoglycemic o ka lāʻau.
ʻO ka koho mua loa o ka insulin a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kao ʻokoʻa ke lawe ʻia i loko o kahi haukapila (nā haukapila).

Hoʻomākaukau iki ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā insulin hana - kēia mau manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻokele subutanus a i ʻole intramuscular hoʻokō.
Inā pono, e mālama pū ʻia nō hoʻi lākou.
Loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena wikiwiki a paʻakikī iki.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i ka subcutaneously a i ʻole intramuscularly 15-20 mau minuke ma mua o ka papaʻaina mai kekahi i kekahi mau manawa i ka lā.
ʻO ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻonāukiuki subcutaneous i 15-20 mau minuke, hiki i ka lōʻihi ma hope o 2 mau hola, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lōʻihi o ka hana ma mua o 6 mau hola.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou ma ka haukapila e hoʻokumu i ka ʻano o ka insulin e pono ai no ka mea maʻi, a me nā hihia e pono ai ke hoʻokō nui ʻana i ka hana insulin i ke kino - me ka maʻi maʻi maʻa a me ka precom (pau a ʻāpana ʻole o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana ma muli o ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana i ke kō koko koko) . ^ E Ha yM.
Eia kekahi, ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā hana insulin pōkole e hana ana i ka mea anabolic a ua kuhikuhi ʻia, ma ke ʻano, ma nā pāʻina liʻiliʻi (4-8 i nā manawa 1-2 i hoʻokahi lā).

Hoʻomoe ka lōʻihi (hana lōʻihi) i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin loaʻa i nā palapala inikua like me nā ʻano o ka lōʻihi o ka hopena o ke kōpaʻa (semylong, lōʻihi, ultralong).
No nā lāʻauʻokoʻa, hopena ka hopena mai 10 a 36 mau hola.
Mahalo i kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻemi i ka nui o nā inikini o kēlā me kēia lā.
Hoʻāla pinepine ʻia lākou i ke ʻano o ka pohō. (ke kāohi nei i nā pānaʻi paʻa o ka lāʻau i ka wai kahe), mālama ʻia i ka subcutaneously a i ʻole intramuscularly, intravenous ʻoluʻolu. I nā maʻi diabetes coma a me nā kūlana precomatous, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi.

Ke koho ʻana i kahi hoʻomākaukau insulin, pono ia e hōʻoia ua paʻa ka manawa o ka nui o ke koikoi-hoʻohiolo ʻana me ka manawa āu e lawe ai.
Inā pono, hiki ke lawelawe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau 2 pono o ka hana lōʻihi.
ʻAʻole makemake kekahi mau maʻi e lōʻihi wale nō, akā, ʻo ka maʻamau maʻamau hoʻi i nā pae o ka glucose koko. Pono lākou e kuhikuhi i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka hana o ka insulin.
ʻO ka maʻamau mālama ʻia nā lāʻau lōʻihi lōʻihi ma mua o ka ʻaina kakahiaka akā naʻe, inā pono, hiki ke mālama ʻia i kēia manawa i nā manawa ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau āpau insulin i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā meaʻai.
ʻO ka wehewehe o ka helu ʻona ʻana o ka ikehu (mai 1700 a 3000 khal) e hoʻoholo ʻia e ke kaumaha o ke kino o ka mea maʻi i ka wā mālama, ma ke ʻano o ka hana. No laila, me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka hana ikaika olakino, ʻo ka nui o nā kaloli e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā no ka mea maʻi ma kahi o 3000, me ka momona nui a me ka hana maʻalahi, ʻaʻole pono ia e ʻoi aku iā 2000.

ʻO ka hoʻomakaʻana o nā kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe, a me ka nele o ka pau ʻole o ke kōloli me ka meaʻai, hiki i kahi kūlana hypoglycemic. (ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko koko) piha me nā manaʻo o ka pōloli, nāwaliwali, ka luhi, ka haʻalulu o ke kino, ke poʻo, ka ʻōpū, ka palpitations, ka euphoria (causeless complacency) a i ʻole ka huhū.
Ma hope iho, e ulu paha ka hypoglycemic coma (i ka nalowale o ka ʻike, ʻike ʻia e ka piha ʻole o ka hopena o ke kino i ka hōʻeuʻeu o waho ma muli o ke kahe ʻana o ke kō i loko o ke koko) me ka nalowale o ka ʻike, kahakaha, a me kahi laʻana i ka hana cardiac.
No ka pale ʻana i kahi kūlana hypoglycemic, pono nā mea maʻi e inu i kī kīʻaha a ʻai ʻana i kekahi mau kukuna o ke kō.

Me ka hypoglycemic (e pili pū ana me ka emi ʻana o ke kō koko koko) coma Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hopena o ka glucose 40% i loko o kahi vein i kahi nui o 10-40 ml, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 100 ml, akā ʻaʻohe mea hou aku.
Ke hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hypoglycemia (hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kōnē koko) ma nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana intramuscular a subcutaneous o glucagon.

Pono ka mālama nui ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā poʻe maʻi me ka mellitus maʻi diabetes, e hōʻeha ana i ka ʻukika coronary (kahi mismatch ma waena o ka pono o ka naʻau no ka oxygen a me kona lawe ʻana) a me ka hōʻino o ka lolo | nehe koko.
Pono e mālama ʻia i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka insulin i nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi thyroid, maʻi a Addison (ʻokoʻa ʻole ka hana adrenal), a me ka pono ʻole o ka renal.

Pono ka nānā ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau hāpai ʻia.
I ka wā mua o ka hānau ʻana o ka hāpai ʻana, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka liʻiliʻi o ka insulin a piʻi i ka trimesters lua a me ke kolu.
Hoʻopuka ka alp-adrenergic blockers a me nā beta-adrenostimulants, tetracyclines, salicylates e hoʻonui i ka mea huna o ka endogenous (ʻo ka excretion o ke kino i hana ʻia).
Diupetics Thiazide (diuretics), beta-blockers, hiki i ka waiʻona ke alakaʻi i ka hypoglycemia.

Hoʻopau me nā
lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe
ma o:

Hoʻohui ʻia ka hopena hypoglycemic i ka insulin ku una ha hypoglycemic ai ', Mao nā mea kūpale, ACE nā mea kūpale, carbonic anhydrase nā mea kūpale, e wae Hoʻokolohua-blockers, bromocriptine, octreotide, sulfonamides, anabolic steroid, tetracyclines, clofibrate, ketoconazole, mebendazole, pyridoxine, theophylline, cyclophosphamide, fenfluramine, likiuma, ai' i loaʻa ethanol . ^ E Ha yM.

ʻO ka hopena o ka hypoglycemic insulin contraceptives waha, corticosteroids, thyroid hormones, thiazide diuretics, heparin, tricyclic antidepressants, sympathomimetics, danazole, clonidine, calcium channel blockers, diazoxide, morphine, phenytoin, nikotine.

Ma lalo o ke kiʻi o ka reserpine a me salicylates, hiki ke nawaliwali a me ke hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka thiol a iʻaite paha, i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia i ka insulin, hana i kona luku ʻana.

I ka wā hapai, ke ʻano o ka insulin, kona ʻano a me ka regimen hoʻokele e hoʻoholo ai e ke kauka hele mai.
Inā ʻaʻole kūpono kēia regimen koho i koho ʻia mua, pono ia e nīnau hou i ke kauka a koho pono, ma ka hopena loa, ʻo ke keʻena mālama kūpono a me ka hopena.

Nā Hoʻomaka : nāwaliwali o ka mānoanoa, nā mālamalama māmā, ka pōloli, ka huina ʻole, ka palupalu, nā ʻeha o nā manamana lima, ka haʻalulu, nā palpitations, nā haumāna i hoʻohemo, nā ʻōpū, nā ʻōpū, nā ʻōpala, nā nāhelehe, ka hoʻomālamalama, ka ʻauhau a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana, nā hana a unmotivated, tonic a clonic. a me ka hope loa, coma.

Pono e hoʻomaka koke ka lāʻau no ka maʻi hypoglycemic.
I nā hihia maʻalahi, lawa ka hāʻawi ʻana i loko o nā kīʻaha momona, nā wai o nā hua, ka meli.
Me ka nalowale piha o ka ʻike (coma) kāpae koke i kahi hopena glucose kūlohelohe (10-20 ml o 20-40% glucose.
ʻO ka hiki ʻole o ka hopena o ka inikini intravenous o ka hopena o ka glucose, ua hōʻike ʻia i ka lawelawe ʻana i ka intramuscularly a me ka helu kīpīpē a me kīwī, i pohā, i ka pohō o 0.1% o ka hopena o ka adrenaline hydrochloride ma lalo o ka ʻili.
Pono e hāpai ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka adrenaline, hiki i nā hopena ʻaoʻao - palpitations, tremors, piʻi i ke koko, hopohopo, a pēlā aku.

Loaʻa ka Syringe insulin i nā pahu aniani i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā ʻoki kūwili me ka alumini break-in.
I loko o nā hue 10 ml, i kahi pahu 5 pcs a i ʻole i loko o kahi hōʻike (cartridges) 1,5 a me 3 ml no na peni syringe .

Hoʻomapa a Insulin (ʻelua pahu a me nā pahu pahu) i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, pono e mālama i 2-8 ° C ma kahi wahiʻeleʻele , i.e. i loko o ka friji (maikaʻi loa ma ka papa lalo), kahi mamao mai ka pahu manuahi.
I ke anuanu nei, mālama lākou i kā lākou mea ola a me ka aseptic a hiki i ka noho ʻana i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pōpeka. ʻAʻole pono ke nānā ʻia ka Insulin i ka wā e lele ma luna o kahi mokulele e pale aku ai i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka manuahi.
Ma muli o ke kau ʻana o ka mālama ʻana nui e alakaʻi i ka hana hōʻemi i ka hana o ka lāʻau. Hoʻokomo pū ka lā i ka lā i ka wikiwiki, ka wikiwiki o ka nalowale ʻana o nā hana ola e 100 mau manawa.
Hiki i ka 'eha' āina o ka insulin e hoʻi a lilo i ao . ^ E Ha yM. Nā Granola a me nā flakes i ka pohō o ka insulin. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka wela a me ka lōlō lōʻihi e hoʻolōʻihi nei i kēia kaʻina hana.

Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka hue insulin i hoʻohana ʻia e ka mea maʻi i ka mahana o ka lumi iʻoi aku ma mua o 25 ° C, ma kahi wahiʻeleʻele a hiki i 6 wiki. Hoʻemi ʻia kēia kau manawa i 4 mau wiki i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā pahu pahu Penfill, ʻoiai ua lawe pinepine ʻia nā peni syringe i loko o kāu pākī i nā mahana kokoke i ke ʻano wela o ke kino. Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā hue o ka insulin i loko o ka friji no 3 mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻohana mua ʻana.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana i ka insulin momona ma hope o ke kūhaʻu ʻana. He kūpono kēia no nā hoʻopiʻi ʻana. I ka wā kaʻawale, ka crystals a i ʻole nā palapū e ho'ōwili ai ma hope o ka lūlū ʻia, kahi hiki ʻole ke loaʻa hou ke hoʻokuʻu i ka homogeneous. Pēlā i hoʻonui nui ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka puʻukū ʻoi aku ka nui.

Pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka Insulin ma hope o kahi nūnū. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka insulin i ka wā e pau ʻole, ka haunaele, a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
ʻO nā hana o ka insulin, ka mea ma hope o ke kāwili ʻana, ʻaʻole e hoʻopiʻi i ka pona hoʻokeʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a loaʻa i nā palaka, nā fibers, hoʻololi i ke kala, ʻaʻole kūpono no ka hoʻohana.

ʻO 1 ml o kahi hoʻonā a i ʻole ka hoʻōki paha i loaʻa i nā hui 40.
Wahi a nā kumu kumu o ka hana ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ka insulin mai nā pancreas holoholona a synthesized me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano loea genetic.

E like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana mai ka inika mai nā lau holoholona i loko o ka monopol (MP) a me ka monocomponent (MK).
Loaʻa i kēia manawa mai ka pancreas puaʻa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou me ka leka C (SMP - puaʻa pipi, SMK - puaʻa monocomponent), pipi - leka G (pipi: GMP - beef monopick, GMK - beef monocomponent).
Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā insulin i kānaka e ka leka C.

Mamuli o ka lōʻihi o ka hana, ua ʻoka ʻia nā insulins i:
- mākaukau hoʻomākaukau ʻana me ka insulin : ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hana ma hope o 15-30 mau minuke, ʻoi loa i ka hana ma hope o 1 / 2-2 mau hola, ka lōʻihi o ka holo ʻana o nā hola 4-6.
- Hoʻomoe i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin hana hoʻohui i nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka lōʻihi o ka hana (hoʻomaka ma hope o 1 / 2-2 mau hola, ka pihi ma hope o 3-12 mau hola, ka lōʻihi o 8-12 mau hola), nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka lōʻihi lōʻihi (hoʻomaka ma hope o 4-8 mau hola, piʻi ma hope o 8-18 mau hola, ka lōʻihi hola 20-30.

I kēia lā, ʻo ke ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau e hana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka insulin. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻano o ka insulin i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

Hoʻolālā pinepine ʻia ka hui o nā insulins ma muli o ka lōʻihi o kā lākou hana ma hope o ka hoʻokele ʻana i ke kino o ke kanaka. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻokaʻawale nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki mai ana:

ʻālohaki
pokole
ka lōʻihi maʻamau o ka hana
lāʻau lapaʻau lōʻihi.

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o kekahi a i kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka insulin e hilinaʻi i kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka mea maʻi a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka maʻi mellitus diabetes me ka insulin.

ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o ka insulin i kēlā me kēia i ka i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ke ʻano hana synthe. No kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka insulin, hoʻomohala nā ʻōlelo pili e pili ana i nā ʻano o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau.

Eia kekahi, aia nā pono maʻamau e pono ke hahai ma ka wā e mālama ai i ka insulin therapy. ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin e loaʻa kekahi mau hōʻailona a me nā contraindications no ka hoʻohana.

ʻO nā waiwai Pharmacological

ʻO ka detemir insulin he solalle basal analogue o ka manu insan, kahi lōʻihi i hana ʻia me ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ka hana, ka mea i hana ʻia e ka mea hou ʻana i ka biotechnology DNA e hoʻohana ana i ka mana o Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hoʻopaʻa ka Insulin i nā ʻae kūikawā, no laila e hoʻopalapula i nā hopena olakino. Ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana o ka insulin. Hoʻemi ia i ka pae o ka glucose i ke koko, me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kona pono e nā kino kino a me ka mālama ʻana i ka gluconeogenesis. Hoʻonui ka insulin i ka biosynthesis protein, pale i ka proteolysis a me ka lipolysis i nā momona momona. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ka ʻekekema detemir i loko o ka serum koko a hōʻea ma hope o 6 - 8 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻokele ʻana. Me ka hoʻoponopono hou o ka hoʻokō i ʻelua manawa i ka lā, e hoʻoiho ʻia nā kūlike o ka insulin Detemir i loko o ka serum koko ma hope o 2 a 3 injections. Ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻano incorpividual o ka detemir o ka insulin i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hoʻoliʻomo insulin basal. I loko o nā pharmacokinetics o ka detemir o ka insulin, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona nui i waena o ka wahine. ʻO ka nui o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka insulin detemir e like me 0.1 l / kg.Ike i ka hana ʻana o ka insulin detemir e like like me kā ke hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka inika, ua hana ʻole nā huahana metabolic āpau. ʻAʻohe mea lapaʻau koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka detemir a me nā momona momona a i ʻole nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe e paʻa ai i nā protein. ʻO ka hapa hope o ke ola me ka subcutaneous injection e hilinaʻi ana ma ka hope o ka lāʻau a me ka pae o ke kūmole mai ka kiko subcutaneous a he 5 a 7 mau hola.

ʻO ka maʻi diabetes mellitus i nā maʻi ma mua o 2 mau makahiki.

Nā ʻāpana o ka detemir o ka insulin a me nā kahena

ʻO ka insulin Detemir i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka hoʻokele subcutaneous, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokele ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka intravenously, no ka mea hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hypoglycemia koʻikoʻi. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻākena e pili ana i nā pono o ka mea maʻi. Hiki ke koi ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana inā loli ka maʻamau i ke ʻano maʻamau o ka mea maʻi, hoʻonui i kāna hana kino, a i ʻole me nā maʻi maʻi. Hiki i ka insulin Detemir ke hoʻohana pū i ʻelua ma ke ʻano o ka monotherapy a me ka bolus insulin, a me nā lāʻau hypoglycemic no ka hoʻokō waha. Hiki ke lawelawe ʻia ka insulin Detemir i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka lā, akā ma hope o ke kau ʻana i ka manawa ʻaina, pono ʻoe e pono iā ia i kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka insulin Detemir i ka subcutaneously i loko o ka ʻāina o ka paia ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ʻūhā, poʻohiwi, gluteal a i ʻole deltoid. Pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā pūnaewele injection e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka lipodystrophy. E like me nā hoʻomākaukau ʻē aʻe insulin, i nā mea maʻi a me nā mea maʻi me ka haalulu a ʻole ka maʻi hepatic, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka pae o ka glucose o ke koko a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka maʻi maʻa o ka detemir i pono. E like me nā hoʻomākaukau ʻē aʻe i ka insulin, ua hōʻike ʻia e mālama pono i ka hoʻokaʻina o ke koko i ka wā o ka unuhi ʻana a i nā pule mua o ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kahi lāʻau hou.
ʻO ka detemir insulin he hopena lōʻihi (a i kahi lā).
ʻAʻole e hoʻonui i ke kaumaha kino Detemir.
Ma mua o kahi huakaʻi lōʻihi, ka mea i pili me ka loli i nā ʻona wā, pono e kamaʻilio me ka mea maʻi me kāu kauka, no ka mea ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaʻina o ka manawa o ka mea e maʻi ai ka mea maʻi i ka insulin a ʻai i ka manawa ʻē.
ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻōla a i ʻole ka lawa ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hyperglycemia a i ke ketoacidosis maʻi maʻi. Hoʻokomo pinepine ka Hyperglycemia i nā hola he nui a i ʻole mau lā paha. Nā hōʻailona o ka hyperglycemia me ka urination pinepine, ka makewai, ka ʻōpū, ka luaʻi, ka ʻula a me ka maloʻo ʻana o ka ʻula, ka hiamoe, ka maloʻo maloʻo, ka ʻohu o ka acetone i ka ea hoohemo, ka heʻe ʻana o ka ʻono. Ināʻaʻohe lāʻau kūpono, hyperglycemia alakaʻi i ka ketoacidosis maʻi a me ka make.
Hiki i ka hypoglycemia ke hoʻolālā me ka hoʻoikaika kino kino ʻole i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia a i ʻole ke ʻauʻau ʻana inā he ʻai nui ka nui o ka insulin e pili ana i ka pono o ka insulin. Ke koi nei ʻo ia no ka hoʻonaninamina o nā metabolika i nā mea maʻi, hiki i kā lākou mau maʻi maʻamau-mua o ka hypoglycemia e loli, pono e ʻike ʻia nā mea maʻi e pili ana i kēia. Me kahi papa lōʻihi o ka maʻi maʻi, e nalowale nā hōʻailona maʻamau.
ʻO ka pathology hoʻonā, i hele pū me ka maʻi a me nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, maʻa pinepine e hoʻonui i ke kino o ke kino no ka insulin.
Hiki ke koi ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana o ka insulin detemir inā loaʻa i ka mea maʻi nā maʻi maʻi o ka ʻāʻī, nā ʻōpū, nā kelepaʻi adrenal, nā kaila thyroid, ke kīloʻi pituitary.
Aia i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hana ʻole o ka puʻuwai kino i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea maʻi me ka thiazolidinediones me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin, ʻoiai inā he mea pilikia nā mea maʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka puʻuwai paʻakikī. Pono kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo e noʻonoʻo i ka wā e koho ai i nā poʻe maʻi me ka mālama like pū me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka insulin a me ka thiazolidinediones. Me kēlā hui hui like, pono ia e hoʻokō i nā kauka lāʻau lapaʻau e ʻike i ko lākou mau maʻi a me nā hōʻailona o ka puʻuwai paʻakikī, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka edema, ka loaʻa kālā. Inā i ʻike a ʻeha nui paha nā hōʻailona o ka puʻuwai, e hoʻolei ʻia ka lāʻau thiazolidinedione.
Me ka hypoglycemia, hiki ke hoʻomoe i ka wā e lawe ana i ka Detemir, ka wikiwiki ka hopena a me ka hiki ke hoʻokūkū. No laila, me kāna hoʻomohala ʻana, pono nā mea maʻi e pale i ka hana ʻana i nā mea e pono ai ka nānā nui a me ka wikiwiki o ka hopena psychomotor e pono ai (me nā kaʻa hoʻokele).

ʻŌpū a me ka lactation

Ke hoʻohana nei i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ka wā hapai, pono e noʻonoʻo pono i nā pōmaikaʻi e manaʻo ʻia ana no ka makuahine a me ka hiki ke kūpaʻa i ka pūpū. I loko o kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua manuahi ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā hōʻailona o ka hopena o ka hapai, ma ka ʻike palekana holoʻokoʻa i ka wā hāpai, i ke olakino o ka pēpē a me ka pēpē i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin me ka detemir a me ka aspart insulin. ʻO nā ʻike hou e pili ana i ka palekana a me ka hana pono o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ka wā o ka hoʻohana ma hope o ke kūʻai ʻana e hōʻike i ka hala o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole e hiki ai ke alakaʻi i ka malenation a me ka mea ʻole i ka pūpū. I nā holoholona, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka lāʻau i ka lāʻau. Pono nā wahine hāpai i ka maʻi maʻi e kiaʻi pono a me ka wā o ko lākou hāpai ʻana, a ma ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka wā hāpai. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua o ka wā hapai, pono ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka insulin a me ka makahiki o nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa lua a me ke kolu. ʻO ka pono o ka insulin ma hope o ka hānau keiki hiki koke i ka pae ma mua o ka wā hapai. ʻAʻohe ʻike e pili ana i ka komo ʻana o ka lā i Detemir i loko o ka waiū umauma. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ka hopena o ka lāʻau i ka metabolism ma ke kino o nā pēpē i ka wā o ka hoʻouluʻana, ʻoiai ka lāʻau lapaʻau he peptide a maʻalahi ka wāwahi ʻia i ka gastrointestinal tract i loko o nā waikona amino e hoʻoulu ʻia e ke kino. I ka wā o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wahine i ka wahine, e koi ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻai a me ke ʻano o ka insulin.

Nā hopena ʻaoʻao o ka detemir insulin

ʻO nā maʻi ma ka metabola: ʻO ka hypoglycemia (nā hōʻailona o ka hypoglycemia: ua anuanu, hoʻonui i ka momona, ka pallor o ka ʻili, ka haʻalulu, nā hopohopo, ka hopohopo, nāwaliwali, nāwaliwali maʻamau, ka hoʻohemo ʻana, ka hiamoe, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hoʻokaumaha, ka pōloli nui, ka hōʻeha, ka hōʻeha, ke ʻano hōʻeha, ka ʻike hoʻopono, palpitations. ka nalowale o ka ʻike, hoʻopaʻapaʻa, pōkole a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ka hana o ka lolo, ka make).
ʻO nā maʻi ākea a me nā hopena ma ka wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia: nā hopena o ka hypersensitivity kūloko (ke kala ʻana, ke ʻano ʻulaʻula, ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka wahi i hoʻolō ʻia), lipodystrophy, edema.
ʻO ka hanana ʻōnaehana maʻi: urticaria, maʻi pālohelohe, ʻehaʻeha, ʻeha, hoʻoluʻu, ka angioedema, gastrointestinal luhi, pilikia paʻakikī, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koko.
Hōʻalo ʻia nāʻike kikoʻī: maʻi hōʻano maʻi, retinopathy diabetic.
Pūnaehana pōkole: maʻi pālahalaha peripheral.

ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka insulin detemir me nā mea ʻē aʻe

Aia kekahi mau lāʻau e pili pono i ka pono o ka insulin. Hoʻonui ka hopena hypoglycemic i ka insulin e ka glucocorticosteroids, oral contraceptives, iodine-ana i nā hua thyroid, thiazide diuretics, somatropin, heparin, sympathomimetics, tricyclic antidepressants, danazole, slow calcium channel blockers, clonidine, diafin oxide,. Hoʻonui ka hua hypoglycemic i ka insulin e ka monoamine oxidase inhibitors, nā lāʻau hypoglycemic oral, angiotensin e hoʻohuli ana i ka enzyme inhibitors, non-selective beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, bromocriptine, anabolic steroid, sulfonamide drug, tetracycline phospholife, phenol phospholife aia ka ethanol. Hiki i ka Octreotide a me lanreotide ke hōʻemi a hoʻonui i ka pono o ke kino no ka insulin. Ma lalo o ka hana a salicylates a me ka reserpine, hiki i ka nui o ke hoʻonui ʻana a me ka nāwaliwali o ka hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hiki i ka alakino ke kīʻaha a hoʻolōʻihi i ka hopena hypoglycemic o ka insulin. Hiki i nā beta-blockers ke uhi i nā hōʻike o ka hypoglycemia a lohi i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana ma hope o ka hypoglycemia. ʻO kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, no ka laʻana, he mau pūʻulu huaʻai a thiol paha, i hoʻohui ʻia i ka insulin, detemir hiki iā ia ke luku aku. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka insulin Detemir i nā hopena infusion.

Ke keu

ʻO ka dosis kūikawā kahi i loaʻa ai kahi overdose o ka insulin detemir i hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia, akā hiki i ka hypoglycemia e ulu iki i ka liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻolauna ʻana i kahi maʻi kiʻekiʻe no kahi maʻi maʻi. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa: hiki i ka mea maʻi ke hōʻoki i ka hypoglycemia palupalu ma kāna iho ma ka nānā ʻana i ka glucose, ka kō, a me nā meaʻai i momona a me nā momona. No laila, e hoʻomanawanui mau ka poʻe maʻi me ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā mea ʻono, ke kō, ka wai momona, nā kuki.
I loko o ka hypoglycemia koʻikoʻi, i ka mea ʻike ʻole ka mea maʻi, pono ia e hoʻoluhi i ka 0,5 - 1 mg o glucagon subcutaneously a i ʻole intramuscularly, a i ʻole ke kaha i ka hopena o ka glucose (dextrose) intravenously. Pono hoʻi e hoʻokō i ka glucose intravenously inā ʻaʻole e loaʻa hou i ka mea maʻi i ka ʻike 10 i ka 15 mau minuke ma hope o ke kaʻina hana o glucagon. Ke hoʻihoʻi nei i ka ʻike no ka pale ʻana i ka helu ʻana o ka hypoglycemia, ua hōʻike ʻia ka mea maʻi e ʻai i ka meaʻai i momona e mau ai i ka paka.

He aha ka insulin?

ʻO ka insulin ka papa o ka protein-peptide o kahi kumu hormonal. Hoʻohana ka Insulin he mea hana maʻamau i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi diabetes.

ʻO ka insulin he hormone ia e hoʻoikaika mau ana i ka hoʻoliʻoli a hoʻākāka a kōkua i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka kaila o ka glucose i loko o ke koko koko o ka mea maʻi. ʻO ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā kākena i loko o ke koko e hoʻokō nei me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻai me ka meli e hilinaʻi ʻia ana e ka insulin i lalo o ka mana o ka insulin. Hāʻawi ka Insulin i ka synthesis o ka glycogen e nā ʻāpana mālama a pale i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā momona a me nā waikawa amino i nā mea kālai.

Me ka nele o ka insulin i ka kino kanaka, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā pae gula. Ke hoʻonui nei i ka glucose o ke koko e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi mellitus me nā hoʻopiʻi pili. ʻO ka hemahema o ka insulin i ke kino e hele mai ma muli o ka pilikia o ka pancreas, ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma muli o nā hōʻino ʻana o ka ʻoihana endocrine, ma hope o nā hōʻeha a me ke kaumaha koʻikoʻi paha i ke kino e pili ana i ka hōʻeha ʻana o nā kūlana kaumaha.

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau e pili ana i ka wīwī mai ka ʻōpū o nā maʻi pancreas.

ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka hana ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kiko o ka pancreas o nā pipi a me nā puaʻa.

Nā hōʻailona no ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin

No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau ka nui o ka mea i loaʻa i ka insulin, pono ia e lawe i ka 100 grika o ka berena keʻokeʻo, kī kīʻaha a i ʻole he mau puna o ke kōpaʻa ma nā hōʻailona mua o ka pākē.

Ma ke alo o nā hōʻailona i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, pono e lawelawe ʻia ka glucose i ka mea maʻi intravenously. Inā pono, hiki iā ʻoe ke lawelawe pū me ka adrenaline subcutaneously.

Pono ka mālama nui nui i ka hihia o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka synt synt i loko o nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi mellitus, i ke alo o ka maʻi coronary a me ka ʻike ʻana o nā pilikia o ka neʻe i ka cerebral. I ka hihia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insulin o ka lōʻihi, kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono i ka urine a me ke koko o ka mea maʻi no ke kiʻi o nā gula i koi ʻia. Kahi ʻano noiʻi e hoʻomālamalama i ka manawa kūpono no ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻokō ai i ka hopena maikaʻi loa.

No ka lawelawe ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā syringes insulin a i ʻole nā peni penina kūikawā.