ʻO ka hana o ka protein i ke kino o ke kanaka

ʻO ka mea nui nui o nā protein no ke kino ma muli o kā lākou hana.

Ke hōʻike nei nā hana i hōʻike ʻia i nā mea nui o nā protein e hōʻike ai i ka pono o kēia papa o ka waiwai i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke ola kanaka.

I nā kenekulia 19, ua ʻōlelo nā ʻepekema:

• He kūʻokoʻa ka kino o ka protein, ʻo ke kumu o ke ola,
• e pono ai ka hana maʻamau ma waena o nā mea ola a me ke kaiapuni.

ʻAʻole mau loa kēia mau ʻōuli i kēia wā.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kumu o nā protein

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana molekele nui o kahi protein liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ka protein e hana ʻia e nā mea liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka lāʻau - nā waikela amino me nā mania like a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Kahi ʻia nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kapa ʻia heteropolymers. ʻO 20 mau wale nō o nā papa o nā waikela amino i loaʻa mau i nā protein kūlohelohe. Hōʻikeʻike ka hana maʻalahi o nā protein e ka pono o ka nui o ke kō o carbon - C, nitrogen - N, hydrogen - H, oxygen - O. Sulfur - S ua loaʻa pinepine i loko o nā protein paʻakikī i kapa ʻia nā proteids, aia nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻohui ʻia i ke koena amino amino. Ma muli o kēia, nā phosphorus - P, keleawe - Cu, hao - Fe, iodine - I, selenium - Se hiki ke ʻano i kā lākou hui.

Hoʻomakaʻia nā kumu Aminocarboxylic o nā kūlohelohe kūlohelohe e nā ʻōnaehana kemika a me nā mea nui koʻikoʻi. He mea nui nā ʻano kūlohelohe no nā chemists, koi - no nā mea āpau.

I ke kino kanaka aia mau i nā kahawai ʻelua o ka hoʻohuli:

• ka wāwahi ʻana, ʻōkuhi, hoʻokaʻawale i nā huahana meaʻai,
• synthesis o nā meaʻala o nā mea pono hou.

ʻO nā acid amino 12 mai nā manawa mau i loaʻa i nā protein kūlohelohe hiki ke hana ʻia e ka synthesis o ke kino o ke kino o ke kanaka. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he hoʻololi.

ʻAʻole 8 synthesized acid i loko o ke kanaka. He waiwai nui loa lākou, e hāʻawi mau ʻia me ka meaʻai.

E like me ka piha o nā acid amino-carboxylic koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōmua i nā papa ʻelua.

• Loaʻa i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo piha nā ʻaina āpau i makemake ʻia e ke kino kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho pono o nā waikina amino pono e loaʻa ai nā protein o ke kao wai, nā huahana wai, nā heihei, ka ʻiʻo o ka pipi, ke kai a me ka iʻa wai, nā hua.

• I nā haʻawina hemahema, nele a i ʻole ka nui o nā huehue nui. Hoʻopili kēia ma nā pūpū kanu.

No ka loiloi i ka maikaʻi o nā kīʻaha kai, ʻo ka kaiāulu o ka honua lapaʻau e hoʻohālikelike iā lākou i kahi "protein" kūpono, i hoʻokūkū paʻa i nā māhele o ka nui o nā aina amino pono. Ma ke kūlohelohe, ʻaʻohe pilina o ka "kūpono". Ma kahi kokoke iā ia e like me ka protein holoholona. ʻAʻole lawa nā protine o ka mea kanu i ka hoʻokomoʻana o ka normative o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā waikena amino. Inā hoʻohui ka mea ua nalowale, e hoʻopau piha ʻia ka protein.

ʻO nā punawai nui o ka protein o ka mea kanu a me nā kumu holoholona

I loko o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema hana kūleʻa i kahi noiʻi piha ʻana i ka ʻenekema meaʻai, ua hui ʻia kahi pūʻulu haumāna A.P. Nechaev, kona mau hoa, a me nā haumāna. Hoʻoholo ka kime i ka ʻike o ka protein i nā huahana meaʻai nui i loaʻa ma ka mākeke Lūkini.

• Nui! Hoʻomaopopo nā kiʻi i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka ʻike o ka protein i 100 g o ka huahana, hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao inedible.

• Loaʻa ka hapa nui o ka protein i ka soy, nā hua pala, a me ka pīpī (34.9 - 26.3 g).
• Loaʻa nā kumukūʻai mai 20 a 30 mau kāleka i mau pī, nā pīni, nā pistachios, a me nā hua lula.
• Nā alemona, nā loea, nā hazelnuts i hōʻailona ʻia e nā helu mai 15 a 20 mau gr.
• ʻO nā Walnuts, pasta, ka hapa nui o nā cereals (koe wale ka laiki, ka palaoa palaoa) ka mea i lawe mai i 10 a 15 mau grama o ka pākēnē no 100 gr o ka huahana.
• ʻO ka pāla, ka ʻeke palaoa, ka palaoa, ke kāleka, ua ʻānai nā apricots i ka laulā mai 5 a 10 gr.
• I loko o 100 mau kāpeti o ka kāpeti, uila, kuʻuna, pālapa, kekahi mau pīpī huaʻai, ʻo ka ʻike o ka protein mai ka 2 a me ka 5 mau grama.
• ʻO nā pākuʻi, nā ʻōpala, nā kāloti, nā pepa momona he liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi, ko lākou mau hōʻailona ma mua o 2 mau grama.

Inā hiki ʻole iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi mea kanu maanei, a laila he haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻōmua i loko a ʻole ʻole nō ia i laila. No ka laʻana, ma loko o nā hua ʻai liʻiliʻi he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā protein, i nā aila hinu kūlohelohe - ʻaʻole āpau.

• Loaʻa ka ʻai ka nui o ka protein i loko o ka iʻa iwakāluakū, paakiki a hoʻōla ʻia, a me nā ʻiʻo manu a (mai ka 21.1 a i ka 28.9 g).
• ʻO kahi helu he nui mai ka 15 a 10 kalama o ka protein. He manu kēia, heʻa ka moana (koe wale nō no capelin), ka pipi pipi, ʻala, squid, ke kīwī, feta keʻa, ka wai iʻa.
• Capelin, hua moa moa, kīwī me ka puaʻa 12,7 i 15 mau palama o ka protein i ka 100 gr o ka huahana.
• ʻO yogurt, ka pipi curd e hōʻike ʻia e nā helu 5 - 7.1 gr.
• ʻO ka waiū, kefir, ka waiū i hoʻomoʻi ʻia, ka ʻona ʻona, ka palaʻai mai ka 2.8 a 3 mau grama o ka protein.

ʻAʻole ʻike ka ʻike i nā kumu kumu nui o nā mea kanu o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nā huahana e loaʻa ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana me nā ʻano loea (stew, sausages, ham, sausages) ʻaʻole hoihoi. ʻAʻole lākou e hāʻawi ʻia no ka ʻai maʻamau. ʻAʻole hana nui ka hoʻohana wā pōkole o ia mau huahana.

ʻO ka hana o ka protein i ka meaʻai

Ma muli o nā kaʻina metabolic i loko o ke kino, kūleʻa mau nā molekuai protein hou, ma mua o nā mea kahiko. ʻAʻole like ka like o ka synthesis ma nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā protein palekana, no ka laʻana, ka insulin, ua hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia (resynthesized) me ka wikiwiki, i nā hola, mau minuke. ʻO nā protein o nā ate, ka pūpū mucous intestinal e hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i nā lā 10. Nā molekikena prototein o ka lolo, nāʻuʻala, a me nā konohiki e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka lōʻihi loa, ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i ke ʻano (resynthesis) a hiki i nā mahina ʻeono.

Hōʻike ka hana o ke hoʻohana a me ke kāpiliʻana e kahi pae koena o nitrogen.

• I kahi kanaka i hoʻomohala piha i ke olakino piha, ʻili kino ka hoʻolika. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka huina o ka nitrogen i hoʻolako ʻia me nā protein i ka wā o ka meaʻai e like me ka nui o ka lehulehu i hoʻopili ʻia me nā huahana decay.
• Ke ulu wikiwiki nei nā mea ʻōpio. Maikaʻi ka pauna waiwai. Nui ka protein, emi i ka excreted.
• I ka wā ʻelemakule, maikaʻi ka poʻe maʻi, maikaʻi ʻole ka pale o ka nitrogen. ʻO ka nui o ke aniani e hoʻokuʻu ʻia me nā huahana metabola ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka loaʻa me ka ʻai kai.

ʻO ka hana o ka protein i ka ʻai, ʻo ia ka hoʻolako i kekahi kanaka me ka nui o ka nui o nā mea waikawa amino e kūpono i ke komo ʻana i nā hana biochemical o ke kino.

No ka hōʻoia i ka metabolism maʻamau, ʻo ia ka mea nui e ʻike i ka nui o ka palaka e pono ai ke kanaka e hoʻopau i kēlā me kēia lā.

Hoʻokomo ka ʻaumikola home a me ʻAmelika i ka ʻai ʻana i ka 0.8 - 1 g o ka pākeke i ka 1 kg o ka paona o ke kanaka. Hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā helu. Aia ka nui i ka makahiki, ke ʻano o ka hana, ke ʻano o ke kanaka. I ka awelika, ʻōlelo lākou i ka ʻai ʻana mai 60 mauʻu a i 100 grama o ka protein i ka lā. No nā kāne e hana ana i ka hana kino, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke ʻano hoʻohālike i ka 120 greka no kēlā me kēia lā. No ka mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i nā maʻi maʻi, nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka palauleʻa i ka 140 gram i kēlā me kēia lā. Noi ʻia nā meaʻai Diabetes me kahi koena o nā huahana o ka protein, hiki iā 140g i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka poʻe me ka maʻi metabolic, he ʻano o ka gout, e ʻai nui i ka protein. ʻO ke kaulike no lākou he 20 - 40 kalona i kēlā me kēia lā.

No nā poʻe e pili ana i nā haʻuki hoʻoikaika e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka iwi, hoʻonui nui ka palaki, hiki ke hōʻea i 1,6-1.8 mau grika no ka 1 kg o ka mea paona o ka mea hoʻokūkū.

• Nui! He mea e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea aʻo e wehewehe i ka pane i ka nīnau - pehea ka nui o nā protein e hoʻopau ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā i ka wā e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia. Loaʻa i nā poʻe loea ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kumukūʻai o ka ikehu no nā ʻano aʻoaʻo.

No ka hoʻokōʻana i nā hana āpau āpau, he mea nui ia ʻaʻole wale i ka nui o nā waikina amino pono i loko o ka protein, akā ka maikaʻi o kā lākou assimilation. Loaʻa nā molekina protein i nā pae like o ka hoʻonohonoho, ka hoʻomau, ka loaʻa o ka hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻina o ka huina. 96% o ka momona waiū, ʻoki pono ʻia nā hua hua. I ka ʻai, nā iʻa, 93-95% o nā protein e hānai ʻoluʻolu. ʻO ka meaʻokoʻa loa ka protein o ka ʻili a me ka lauoho. ʻO nā huahana huaʻai o ka protein e ʻeli ʻia e 60-80%. I nā lāʻauʻai, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā 80% o nā protein, i loko o nā mea kanu - 70%, i ka berena - 62-86%.

ʻO ka haʻawina i ʻōlelo ʻia mai nā kumu o nā holoholona he 55% o ka nui o ka nui o ka protein.

• ʻO ka hemahema o ka haʻalulu i ke kino e alakaʻi i ka loli mua. ^ E Ha yM. Kahi ʻia nā ala like me ka dystrophy, kwashiorkor. No ka manawa mua, ʻike ʻia kahi kolohe ʻana i ka poʻe o nā ʻohana o ʻApelika, i hōʻike ʻia e ka pale kaulike o ka maikaʻi Negala, hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōpū o ka ʻawaʻawa, hōʻano manu, stunting. Hiki i nā hapa o ke kolikina ke kiko me nā hōʻailona like, hiki ke ʻoluʻolu no kekahi manawa. Hoʻoweliweli maoli ʻia ka nele o ka palaka i ka kino o ke keiki. Hiki i kēlā mau kīʻaha meaʻai e hoʻonāukiuki i ke ʻano o ke kino a me ka noʻonoʻo o kahi kanaka e ulu nei.

• Hoʻohui ka nui o ka protein i ke kino i ka ʻōnaehana excretory. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻonui ka kaumaha ma nā pōpoki. Me nā pathologies i loaʻa i ka pūpū o ke keiki, hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ke kaʻina. He pōʻino loa inā inā he keu ka nui o ka protein i loko o ke kino i hele pū ʻia me ka nele o nā mea waiwai maikaʻi. I ka wā kahiko, ma nā ʻāina o Asia kekahi mea e make ai, kahi e hānai wale ai ka mea hoʻokolokolo. ʻO ka hopena, ua make ka mea lawehala mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana aku o nā huahana pala i ka ʻōpū, ma hope o kēia ʻōlohelohe.

ʻO kahi ala kūpono e hāʻawi ai i ke kino i ka protein e hōʻoia i ka hana pono o nā ʻōnaehana ola āpau.

ʻ historylelo aʻo

Ua loaʻa mua ka protein (ma ke ʻano o ka gluten) i ka makahiki 1728 e ka poʻe Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari i hōʻeuʻeu mai ka Italia. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā prototeins i ka papa hoʻokaʻawale o nā molekema biology i ke kenekulia 18 ma muli o ka hana a ke kanaka hoʻokalakupua Farani Antoine de Fourcroix a me nā meaʻepekema ʻē aʻe i ʻike ka waiwai o nā protein e coagulate (denature) ma lalo o ke mana o ka wela a i nā waikawa. I kēlā manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā huapalapala e like me ka albumin ("ʻākī keʻokeʻo"), ʻo fibrin (nā palepona mai ke koko), a me ka gūlū mai nā hua palaoa.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 19, ua loaʻa kekahi ʻike i ka mana element o ka protein; ʻike ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā waikawa amino i ka wā o ka hydrolysis o nā protein. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau waikina amino (e.g. glycine a me leucine) i hōʻike mau. Wahi a ka loiloi o ka hoʻohuihui kūmole o ka protein, ua hoʻāoʻi ʻia e ka mea loea Dutch ʻo Gerrit Mulder ua kokoke like me nā protein āpau like. I ka 1836, ua kuhikuhi ʻo Mulder i ka hiʻohiʻona mua o ka ʻōnaehana o nā protein. Ma muli o ka kumumanaʻo o nā mea hoʻopihapiha, ma hope o kekahi mau hoʻomaʻamaʻa i hōʻea i ka hopena ʻo ke kālai liʻiliʻi ʻana o ka pona liʻiliʻi ka mea like me kēia:₄₀H₆₂N₁₀O₁₂. ^ E Ha yM. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia i kēia ʻāpana "protein" (Pr) (mai ka Helene. Protos - ka mea mua, ka mua) a me ke ʻano - "ʻenehana protein". ʻO ke ʻano "protine" ponoʻī ia i hōʻike ʻia e ka loea Swedia ʻo Jacob Berzelius. Wahi a Mulder, ʻo kēlā me kēia protein ka nui o nā pūʻulu pūmua, sulfur a me ka phosphorus. ʻO ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻo ia i ka kākau ʻana i ke ʻano o ka fibrin e like me 10PrSP. Ua aʻo pū kekahi ʻo Mulder i nā huahana o ka luku o nā protein - nā amino amino a i kekahi o lākou (leucine) me kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka hala, hoʻoholo ʻo ia i ke kaupaona mololi - 131 daltons. Me ka hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻikepili hou e pili ana i nā protein, hoʻomaka ka manaʻo o ka protein, akā, ʻoiai, a hiki i ka hopena o 1850 mau mea i manaʻo ʻia i ka lehulehu.

I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua ʻike ʻia ka hapanui o nā waikawa amino e hana ʻia ana nā protein. I ka makahiki 1880 i ka makahiki 1880. He ʻepekema Rusia hoʻi ʻo A. Ya.Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Danilevsky i ke ola o nā pūʻulu peptide (CO - NH) i loko o ka moliki protein. I ka 1894, ua hoʻomohala ʻia e ka maʻi lunamanaʻo Albrecht Kossel kahi manaʻo e like me nā kaila amino ke kumu nui o nā protein. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 20, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ka mea hoʻohana Kelemania ʻo Emil Fischer i ka palekela i loko o nā protein o nā koena waikawa amino i pili ʻia e nā pili peptide. Ua hana nō ʻo ia i ka loiloi mua o ka papa amino amino o ka protein a wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka proteolysis.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hana koʻikoʻi o nā protein i nā mea ola a hiki i ka makahiki 1926, i ka manawa i hōʻike ai ke kanaka loea ʻAmelika ʻo James Sumner (ma hope mai he Nobel Prize in Chemistry) ua hōʻike ʻia ka urease enzyme he protein.

ʻO ka paakiki i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā protein ʻē aʻe i paʻakikī ai ke aʻo ʻana. No laila, ua hana ʻia nā noiʻi mua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā mau polypeptides i hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i nā nui he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kaʻai koko, nā hua moa, nā ʻano ʻona like ʻole, a me ka digestive / metabolic enzyme i huna ʻia ma hope o ka luku ʻana i ka pipi. I ka hopena o 1950s Armor Hot Dog Co. ua hiki ke wehe i kahi kilogram o bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, ka mea i lilo i mea hoʻokolohua no nā noiʻi he nui.

ʻO ka manaʻo ʻo ka pae ʻāina o ka protein ka hopena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā hydrogen ma waena o ke koena o ka waikawa amino i hoʻihoʻi ʻia e William Astbury i ka makahiki 1933, akā ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Linus Pauling ka mea ʻepekema mua i hiki iā ia ke kūleʻa i ka pae lua o ka protein. Ma hope mai, hoʻokumu ʻo Walter Kausman, i ka hana a Kai Linnerstrom-Lang, ua hāʻawi nui i ka ʻike nui ʻana i ke ʻano o nā loina o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka papa hoʻonaʻauao kūloko a me ka hana o nā hoʻopili hydrophobic i kēia hana. I ka hala ʻana o 1940 a me mau makahiki mua o 1950, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Frederick Senger i kahi ala no ka pauku ʻana i ka palaka, ma ia i hoʻoholo ai i ka pauka amino amino o nā kaulahao insulin ma ka makahiki 1955, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻōmole he polarika linear o nā waʻa amino, a ʻaʻole i hōʻaia (e like me kekahi mau puna ) nā kaulahao, colloids a i ʻole nā ​​mokana. ʻO ka protein mua, ka huina acid amino i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻepekema Soviet / Lūkini, i ka makahiki 1972 aspartate aminotransferase.

ʻO nā hoʻolālā mua loa o nā protein i loaʻa i ka X-ray diffraction (X-ray diffraction analysis) i ʻike ʻia i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1950 a me ka 1960, a ua ʻike ʻia nā hana me ka loiloi magnetic resonance i ka 1980s. Ma 2012, ʻo ka Protein Data Bank kahi mea e pili ana i ka 87,000 mau kaila o ka protein.

I ka kenekulia 21, ua neʻe ka noiʻi protein i kahi pae qualitatively hou, i ka wā ʻaʻole wale nō i aʻo ʻia nā protein e hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono ʻia, akā i ka hoʻololi like ʻana o ka helu a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nui o nā palekala o nā pūlani pilikino, nā ʻāpana a me nā mea ola holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia wahi o ka biochemistry ka mea i kapa ʻia ka proteomics. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻano hana bioinformatics, ʻaʻole ia i hiki ke kaʻina wale nō ka ʻike o ka loiloi diffraction X-ray, akā, e wānana pū i ke ʻano o ka protein e pili ana i kāna kaola waikawa amino. I kēia manawa, cryoelectron microscopy o nā waihona nui i ka nui o ka protein a me ka wānana o nā hana o ka spatial o nā waihona protein e hoʻohana ana i nā polokalamu kamepiula e hoʻokokoke ana i ka pololei atomic.

Hiki ke ana ka nui o ka prototein i nā huaʻina o nā koina amino amino, a i ʻole nā ​​daltons (ke kaumaha molika), akā, no ka nui o ke kumu o ka molekala, hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka protein i nā ʻāpana i loaʻa - kilodaltons (kDa). ʻO ka protein rewena, ma ka awelika, he 466 mau koina amino mau koena a loaʻa ke kumu hoʻonaninani o 53 kDa. ʻO ka protein nui loa i kēia manawa o ka inoa - titin - he ʻano ia o nā sarcomeres o ka mākala, ka nui o ke kumu molekela o nā ʻano like ʻole (isoforms) i ka ʻano mai ka 3000 a 3700 kDa. ʻO Titin o ka musina tunggalus (lat. Soleus) o kahi kanaka he 38,138 mau waikela amino.

Hoʻomukūlani

Aia ka waiwai i ka waiwai o ka amphotericity, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma muli o nā kūlana, hōʻike lākou i nā waiwai acidic a me nā kumu waiwai maoli. I loko o nā protein, aia kekahi mau pūʻulu o nā mea i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka ionization i kahi hopena wai: keena mau kaola carboxylic i nā koena ʻaoʻao o ka waikawa amino acid (aspartic a glutamic acid) a me nā hui o nā haukini mea e pili ana i nā kūmole ʻaoʻao o nā waʻa amino maʻamau (ma mua o ka hui ε-amino o lysine a me ke koena amidine CNH (NH₂) arginine, i kahi liʻiliʻi i liʻiliʻi - ka koena imidazole histidine). Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia protin e kahi alelima kūpono (pI) - ka acidity medium (pH), a ma ke ʻano he nui o ka wai o nā mololi o kēia protein, a no laila, ʻaʻole lākou e neʻe i ka pā uila (no ka laʻana, e ka electrophoresis). I ka manawa isoelectric, hydration a me solubility o ka protein ke liʻiliʻi. Kuhi ka pI i ka hoʻohālikelike o ke koena a me ke koina amino amino i loko o ka protein: no nā protein i loaʻa i nā koena amino acidic residu, nā hua isoelectric e waiho nei ma ka waikawa ) Hiki i ke ʻano o ka pI o kēia pākēna ke ʻano like me ka ikaika ionic a me ke ʻano o ka hopena o ka buffer kahi e waiho ai, ʻoiai ke hoʻololi nei i ka paʻakai pākana i ka pae o nā ionization o nā hui o ka protein. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka pI o ka pūmua, no kahi laʻana, mai kahi ʻāpana titration a i ʻole e nānā ana i ka isoelectric.

Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka pI o ka protein ka mea i hana ai: kahi isoelectric kahi o ka nui o nā protein i nā ʻāpana vertebrate mai ka 5.5 a 7.0, akā i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona nui e pili ana i nā wahi koʻikoʻi: no ka laʻana no ka pepsin, he enzyme proteolytic o ka gastric acid gastric wai wai pI

1, a no nā salmins - ka protamine protalu o ka waiū salmon, kahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi momona i kahi arginine kiʻekiʻe - pI

12. ʻO nā mea pinepine e hoʻopili ai i nā waikolika nika ma muli o ka hoʻopili electrostatic me nā hui phosphate, ʻo ia nā mea nui nui. ʻO kahi hoʻohālike o ia mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo he mau histones a me nā protamines.

He aha nā protein?

ʻO nā protein heʻai koikoi koʻikoʻi nā palahalaha momona e lae ʻia me nā koena acid amino, i hui pū ʻia ma ke ala kūikawā. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pākēlēlani āpau o ko lākou waʻa amino amino iho, kona wahi i ka lewa. He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo e hoʻopili ʻia e nā protein i ke kino iā lākou ma kahi ʻano ʻole i hoʻololi ʻia, e wāwahi ʻia lākou i loko o nā waikona amino a me ko lākou kōkua i ke kino i synthesize i kāna mau protein.

ʻO 22 mau waikina amino e komo i ka hana o ka protein, 13 ke hoʻohuli ʻia i ka hoʻohalike, me ka 9 - phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine, threonine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, methionine - i loli ʻole. ʻO ka nele o nā waika ʻole i hoʻoili ʻia i loko o ke kino, ʻaʻole hiki ke hopu ʻia, ka mea hoʻi e hana i ka hōʻino ʻana i ke kino.

He mea nui ia ʻaʻole ka ka komo ʻana o ka protein i loko o ke kino, akā ke ʻano pū kekahi o nā amino amino i loko o ia mea!

Ka aha ka protein?

ʻO nā protein (protein / polypeptides) - nā mea kūlohelohe, nā polima kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka iwakālua amino acid. Hāʻawi nā hui i nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻopili ke kino me ke kāpili ʻana o ka ʻumikūmālua amino hoʻololi i loko o ia iho.

Kekahi o nā iwakālua amino makina i ʻike ʻia i ka protein ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke kino ma o lākou iho, e loaʻa ana me ka meaʻai. ʻO kēia nā valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, he mea nui ia no ke ola.

He aha ka hanana protein

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma waena o nā holoholona a me ka lāʻau (ma ka mua). Pono ʻia ʻelua ʻano kohi ʻai.

Holoholona:

ʻO ka keʻokeʻo hua māmā a maʻalahi a hoʻopili piha ʻia e ke kino (90-92%). ʻO nā hua hinu o ka waiū fermī i mea ʻino iki (ʻoi aku a 90%). Hāpai ʻia nā protein o ka waiū hou a hōʻemi ʻia hoʻi (ʻo 80%).
ʻO ka waiwai o nā pipi a me nā iʻa i loko o ka hui maikaʻi o nā moʻo amino waiwai.

Kuke Lā:

ʻO ka pena, nā canola a me nā cottonseed i loaʻa ka ratio amino acid maikaʻi no ke kino. I nā mea kanu, nāwaliwali o kēia māhele.

ʻAʻohe huahana me kahi ratio amino acid kūpono kūpono. ʻO ka kūpono kūpono e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā protein o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu.

ʻO ke kumu o ke olakino "e nā rula" ka protein holoholona. He waiwai i nā momona amino pono, a hoʻolako ʻia i ka nalo ʻana o ka nui o ka lāʻau kalala.

Hāpai ka Protein i loko o ke kino

Aia i loko o nā pūpuna o ke kiko, hoʻokō ia i nā hana he nui:

1. Kukulu. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka pahuhopu ka pale ʻana i nā mea ʻokoʻa. Hoʻopuka ʻia kahi hana Antibody.
2. Kahuaa. ^ E Ha yM. Ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, no ka laʻana, ka hemoglobin (hāʻawi i ka oxygen).
3. Ke kānāwai. ^ E Ha yM. Mālama ʻana i kahi papa hormonal.
4. Kawaihewa. ^ E Ha yM. Hāʻawi i nā ʻano āpau i nā actin a me myosin.
5. Polika. ^ E Ha yM. Kāohi ʻia ke kūlana o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka collagen.
6. ʻĀpikipiki. ^ E Ha yM. He ʻōpala a wikiwiki ia i ka pau ʻana o nā hopena biochemical āpau.
7. Ka mālama a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā ʻike o ka gen (DNA a me RNA mololi).
8. ʻ .lelo. ^ E Ha yM. Ke hoʻolako nei i ke kino holoʻokoʻa me ka ikaika.

Hāʻawi kekahi i ka hanu, kuleana no ka lawe ʻana o ka meaʻai, hoʻoponopono i nā hana metabolism. ʻO ka protein rhodopsin kiʻi hoʻonaninani ke kuleana no ka hana ʻike.

Aia nā kīʻaha koko i elastin, e hoʻomaikaʻi iā ia me kā lākou hana holoʻokoʻa. Hāʻawi ka huakaʻi fibrinogen i ka coagulation koko.

Hoʻomaʻo ka hōʻailona o ka nele o ka protein i ke kino

ʻO ka hemahema o Protein kahi hanana maʻamau maʻamau me ka maʻi hōʻino a me ke ʻano hyperactive o kahi kanaka hou. Ma ke ʻano ʻōpiopio e hōʻike ʻia ma ka maule a me ka hana maikaʻi ʻole. Me ka hoʻonui nui o ka nui, ʻaʻole e hōʻailona ke kino ma o nā ʻōpū:

1. ʻO ka nāwaliwali ākea a me ka maʻi kaumaha. ʻO ka hōʻemi o ka manaʻo a me nā hana, nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻōpū o ka naʻau me ka ʻole o ka hoʻāliʻi kino pilikino, ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā lohi o nā neʻe, nāwaliwali o ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana.
2. Nā ʻōpū a me ka hiamoe nui. ʻO ka hopena a me ka hopohopo e hōʻike nei i ka nele o ka serotonin.
3. Nā ʻano hāmeʻe pinepine, i ka haki. ʻO ka hapa o nā enzymes a me nā hormone e hoʻonāukiuki i ka pauna o ka wahī: ʻo ka huhū o kekahi kumu, ka ʻano ākea ʻole, ʻohi ʻana i ka naʻau.
4. Pale ʻiliʻili, rashes. Me ka nele o ka protein hao ʻole, hoʻopuka ka anemia, nā hōʻailona e like me ka maloʻo a me ka palu o ke kino, nā membrane mucous.
5. Ka ʻuʻake o nā ʻoi loa. Hoʻopili i kahi hoʻemi haʻahaʻa i ka wai protein plasma haʻahaʻa. Hoʻopili ka momona Subcutaneous i nā kahe i nā kuʻekuʻe me nā kuʻekuʻe.
6. Hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā hōʻeha a me nā hōʻino. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka cell ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka "kūkulu lole".
7. Hōʻaleʻa a me ka lauoho lauoho, wāwahi o nā kui. ʻO ke hiʻohiʻona o ka dandruff ma muli o ka ʻili maloʻo, exfoliation a me ka hana ʻana i ka pā o ka nail, ʻo ia ka hōʻailona maʻamau o ke kino e pili ana i ka hapa ʻole o ka protein. Ke ulu mau nei ka lauoho a me nā hana pane koke i ka hemahema o nā mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ulu a me ke kūlana maikaʻi.
8. Mahele kaulike kūpono. ʻO ka nalo ʻana o nā kilograms no ke kumu ʻike ʻole ma muli o ka pono o ke kino e hoʻopi ai i ka nele o ka protein ma muli o ka pīpī molī.
9. ʻO ka hala ʻole o ka puʻuwai a me ke koko, ke ʻano o ke kau o ka hanu. ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka ʻōpū, ka holo ʻana, a me ka ʻōnaehana genitourinary. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Dyspnea me ka ʻole o ka hōʻā ʻana, ka pipi ka mea ʻole o ke anu a me nā maʻi maʻi.

Me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano o kēia ʻano, pono e hoʻololi koke i ka hoʻoponopono a me ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou i kou ola ʻana, a inā i ʻeha ʻia, e kamaʻilio me kahi kauka.

Pehea ka nui o ka protein no ka assimilation

Ma muli o ka helu ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā e pili ana i ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka ʻano o nā hana. Kuhi ʻia nā ʻikepili ma nā papa i ka papa (ma lalo) a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ka paona maʻamau.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka protein intake i nā manawa he koho. Hoʻoholo kēlā i kēlā me kahi palapala kūpono nona iho, ʻo ka mea nui ka mālama ʻana i ka helu intake i kēlā me kēia lā.

ka hoʻoikaika kinoʻAi makahiki ʻO ka huina o ka protein i kēlā me kēia lā, g No nā kāneNo nā wahine Pau loaKa holoholona hihiuPau loaKa holoholona hihiu ʻAʻohe mea lawe18-4096588249 40-6089537545 Hōʻike liʻiliʻi18-4099548446 40-6092507745 Kahi papa waena18-40102588647 40-6093517944 Kiʻi kiʻekiʻe18-40108549246 40-60100508543 He manawa18-4080487143 40-6075456841 ʻĀpana makahiki75456841

ʻO ka kalapona nui ka waiʻai i nā meaʻai

Nā meaʻai i loaʻa i ka protein:

ʻO nā ʻano o nā aʻai āpau, ʻo ka pipi ka mea mua ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻia a ka moa: 18.9 g. Ma hope o ka pipi, ka puaʻa: 16,4 g, ke keiki hipa: 16.2 g.

ʻO nā kai a me ka squid nā alakaʻi: 18.0 g.
ʻO ka iʻa maikaʻi loa no ka protein, ʻo ia ka salmon: 21.8 g, a laila ma ka ʻulaʻula pink: 21 g, zander: 19 g, mackerel: 18 g, herring: 17,6 g a me kīkē: 17.5 g.

I waena o nā huahana huahana, kefir a me ka ʻōmole ʻona e paʻa i ke kūlana: 3.0 g, a laila waiū: 2.8 g.
ʻO nā Grains kiʻekiʻe - Hercules: 13.1 g, millet: 11.5 g, semolina: 11,3 g

Hoʻomaopopo i ka maʻamau a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā manawa kālā, hiki iā ʻoe ke kahakaha i kahi papa hana a maopopo hoʻi e hoʻohui pū me ia i nā momona a me nā ʻaina.

Ka hoʻohālikelike o ka protein i ka meaʻai

ʻO ka kūlike o nā protein, nā momona, nā kākoi ma ka meaʻai maikaʻi (pono hoʻi i loko o ka ʻai) 1: 1: 4. ʻO ke kī i ke kauʻana o kahi kīʻaha olakino hiki ke hōʻike i kahi ala ʻē aʻe: nā protine 25-35%, nā momona 25-35%, kālaiʻai 30-50%.

I ka manawa like, pono nā pono o nā momona: nā ʻoliva a i ʻole kaʻaila linseed, nā uʻi, ka iʻa, ka tiʻa.

ʻO ka kalapona i ka pāpaʻi he pasta paʻakikī, nā lāʻau ʻai hou, a me nā huaʻai ʻole / hua maloʻo, nā hua momona waiū.

Hiki ke hoʻohui pū ʻia nā prototeins i nā ʻāpana: nā mea kanu + manu.

Nā ʻAmino ʻAmelika Aia i ka Protein

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke kino ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻololi ʻia, akā, ʻo kā lākou lako mai waho, ʻaʻole loa i ʻāpono ʻia. ʻOiai me kahi papa hana ikaika a me ka hoʻoikaika kino nui.

ʻO nā mea āpau ʻole he mea nui, ʻo ka mea kaulana loa o lākou:

Alanine.
Hoʻonohonoho ia i ka metabolism o ke kō, e kōkua ana e kāpae i nā toxins. No ka hana 'hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻiʻo, ka iʻa, nā huahana paʻakai.

Aradine.
Pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kekahi o nā ʻuhane, ke kino olakino, ke kūleʻa a me nā ʻili. Hāʻawi i kahi o nā momona a me ka hana ʻōnaehana. Aia ia i loko o kekahi iʻa, ka waiū, nā hua liʻiliʻi, nā gelatin.

ʻO ka waikawa Aspartic.
Hāʻawi i kahi kaulike ikaika. Hoʻonui hou i nā hana o ke ʻōnaehana sentral. Hoʻonui hou i ka paipai waiwai o ka pipi a me nā kīʻaha moa, ka waiū, ka kō ma ke kō. Hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā aniani, nā ʻuala, nā cereals.

Kauhauolelo.
Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka "kūkulu" kūkulu kino o ke kino i ka histamine a me ka hemoglobin. Hoʻopau wikiwiki ia i nā hōʻeha, ke kuleana no ka ulu ʻana i nā hana. Hoʻolaha i ka waiū, cereals a me nā mea ʻai.

Serene.
ʻO Neurotransmitter, lawaiʻa no ka hana maʻalahi o ka lolo a me nā ʻōnaehana waena. Aia he pī, nā ʻiʻo, nā cereals, soy.

Me kaʻai kūpono a me ka ala kūpono o ke ola, e ʻike ʻia nā waikona āpau i ke kino no ka hōʻailona ʻana o "cubes" a me ka hoʻohālike o ke olakino, ka nani a me ka lōʻihi.

He aha ka mea e nele ai i ka protein i ke kino

1. ʻO nā maʻi e holo pinepine ai, nā nāwaliwali o ka ʻōnaehana.
2. ʻO ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha.
3. Ke kuhi nei a lohi i nā kaʻina loina metabolic.
4. ʻO ka hopena hopena o ka hoʻohana lāʻau lāʻau hoʻokahi.
5. Kuhi hewa i ka digestive tract.
6. Nā ʻeha.
7. ʻO nā meaʻai e pili ana i ka meaʻai wikiwiki, nā huahana koke, nā huahana semi-pau o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

ʻO ka nele o kahi waikahi amino kaohi e pani i ka hana o kahi protein kūikawā. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kino ma luna o ka loʻo o ka "hoʻopiha i nā voids", no laila e lawe hou ʻia nā waikawa amino nalowale mai nā protein ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopilikia kēia "mea kūkulu" hana i ka hana o nā kino, nā naʻau, ka puʻuwai, ka lolo a ma hope e hoʻonāukiuki i ka maʻi.

ʻO ka hemahema o ka haʻahaʻa i nā keiki e pale i ka ulu ʻana, e hōʻeha i ka pilikia kino a me ka noʻonoʻo.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka anemia, ka nānā ʻana o nā maʻi ʻili, ke ʻano o ka palu ʻana o ka iwi a me ka uaua māhina ʻaʻole ia he papa holoʻokoʻa o nā maʻi. Hiki i ka dystrophy protein koʻikoʻi hiki ke hopena i ka lapuwale a me ka kwashiorkor (ʻano o ka dystrophy koʻikoʻi ma muli o ka nele o nā protein).

Hoʻopilikia ka protein i ke kino

• ʻĀpana hoʻokipa
• nā maʻi paʻa o ka pūpū, nā pēpē, ka naʻau a me nā kīʻaha koko.

ʻAʻole pinepine ʻo Oversupply i ka hemo ʻole o kahi mea e ke kino.Loaʻa ia i loko o ka poʻe e makemake e hoʻonui i ka muso ma ka hiki me ka ʻole e hahai i nā ʻōlelo a nā mea kaukaukau a me nā mea hoʻouluulu.

ʻO nā pilikia o ka hoʻokipa "nui" loaʻa:

ʻO Renal hiki ʻole. ʻO ka nui o nā protein e hoʻoulu ai i nā kino, e hōʻole ai i kā lākou hana kūlohelohe. ʻAʻole hiki i ka "kānana" me ke kala.

Maʻi maʻi. Hoʻākoakoa ka nui o ka protein i ka ammonia i loko o ke koko, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ʻano o ke akeʻa.

Ke hoʻomohala ʻana o ka atherosclerosis. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huahana holoholona, ​​he keu i nā mea pono e loaʻa ana i ka momona momona a me ka cholesterol.

ʻO ka poʻe e hōʻeha nei i ka pathology o ke akea, nā pēpē, nā puʻuwai a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoneʻe pono e kaupalena i ka komo ʻana o ka protein.

Mālama ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ko lākou olakino ponoi i ka poʻe e hopohopo nei. I mea e pale aku ai i nā hopena koʻikoʻi, pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo i ka pono o ke kino no ka hoʻihoʻi. ʻO kahi hoʻomaha hoʻomaha, nā meaʻaiʻai, ke kipa ʻana i nā loea e hoʻolōʻihi i ka wā'ōpiopio, olakino a me ke ola.

Pono

Hoʻololi nā protein i ka molo o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Ua kapa ʻia nā ʻōmua wai hoʻomā wai i loko o ka albumin, ʻo kēia ka mea o ke koko a me ka waiū waiū. Hoʻololi, a i ʻole scleroproteins, e komo, no ka laʻana, ka keratin (ka protein e hana ai i ka lauoho, ka lauoho o ka mammals, nā hulu manu o nā manu, a me nā mea a me ka fibroin, 'o ia kahi o nā siliki a me nā cobwebs. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hopena o ka pahuhopu ʻaʻole e ka mea wale nō, akā ma nā ʻano o waho, e like me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka hoʻomalolo ʻana, ka ikaika ionic, a me ka pH o ka hopena.

Hāʻawi ʻia nā protein i ka hydrophilic (hoʻohuihui ʻia ka wai) a me ka hydrophobic (wai-repellent). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā protein o ka cytoplasm, ka nucleus, a me nā mea intercellular, e komo pū ana me ka keratin insoluble a me ka fibroin, he hydrophilic. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā protein e hana i nā membran biology he hydrophobic - integral membrane protein e hoʻopili ana me ka lipoph hydrobic o ke membrane (kēia mau protein, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he mau pūnaewele hydrophilic) hoʻi.

ʻO ka biosynthesis protein i loko o ke kino

ʻO ka biosynthesis protein - ka hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ke kino o nā protein i makemake ʻia mai nā waikina amino e ka hoʻohui ʻana iā lākou me kahi ʻano hāmeʻa kūikawā - ka kaulahao polypeptide. Mālama ʻo DNA i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā protein. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka synt synt i kahi ʻāpana kūikawā o ke kelepona i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ribosa. Hoʻopili ka RNA i ka ʻike mai ka hanana makemake (kahua DNA) i ka ribosa.

No ka mea he multistage ka nui o ka biosynthesis pākuhi, hoʻohana i ka ʻikepili i waiho ʻia ma ka waihona o ke kanaka - DNA, ʻo kona synthesis kūmole ke hana paʻakikī. Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻimi e loaʻa ai nā inhibitors o kekahi mau enzyme a me nā hormone, akā ʻo ka hana nui ʻepekema nui ʻo ia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā protein e hoʻohana ai i ka ʻenehana genetic.

Kahuaa

ʻO ka hana o ka halihali i kahi ʻōnaehana koko kūikawā - hemoglobin. Mahalo i kēia protein, lawe ʻia ka oxygen mai nā māmā me nā huaka a me nā kiko o ke kino.

Loaʻa ia ma ka hana o nā mea pale o ka paleʻai i kapa ʻia nā antibodies. He mau kaʻi i mālama ai i ke olakino o ke kino, pale iā ia mai nā bacteria, nā huakaʻi, nā poʻi, me ka ʻae i ke koko e hana i kahi ʻoka i kahi o kahi hāmama wehe.

ʻO ka hana hōʻailona o ka protein ka lawe ʻana i nā hōʻailona (ʻikepili) ma waena o nā pūnaewele kelepona.

ʻO nā Kānana Protein no kahi pākeke

Ka pono o ke kino o ke kanaka no ka protein e pili pono ana i kāna hana kino. ʻO kaʻoi aku o ka neʻe ʻana, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā ʻōnaehana biochemical a pau i loko o ko mākou kino. Pono ka poʻe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine i ka nui o ʻelua mau manawa nui e like me ke kanaka maʻamau. ʻO ka nele o ka protein no ka poʻe i komo i ka hoʻokūkū "hoʻomaloʻo" i ka ʻāʻihue a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ke kino holoʻokoʻa!

I ka awelika, ua helu ʻia ka paila protein ma kahi pākeke ma ke kumu o ka pakahi o 1 g o ka protein i ka 1 kg o ka paona, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 80-100 g no nā kāne, 55-60 g no nā wahine. Noi ʻia nā ʻōpiopio o ke kāne e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka protein i hoʻopau ʻia i ka 170-200 g i kēlā me kēia lā.

ʻO ka koho o ka protein kūpono no ke kino

ʻO ka mea kūpono i ka saturate i ke kino me ka protein ka hui pū ʻana me nā protein o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. ʻO ka pae o ka assimilation o ka protein mai ka meaʻai e hilinaʻi ana i kona kumu a me ke ʻano o ka mālama wela.

No laila, kahi o 80% o ka loaʻa nui o ka protein holoholona a me ka 60% o ka protein o ka mea kanu e hoʻopili ʻia e ke kino. ʻO nā huahana o nā holoholona holoholona i loaʻa ka hapa nui o ka protein i kēlā me kēia unahi o ka huahana ma mua o ka mea kanu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o nā huahana "holoholona" i nā waʻa amino āpau, a me nā hua kanu i kēia mea e manaʻo ʻia he mau haʻahaʻa.

Nā lula kai hoʻonaʻauao kūpono no ka mālama 'ana i ka protein:

• ʻO kahi ala maʻalahi o ka kuke - kuke, kuke, ʻaila. Pono e hoʻoholo ʻia ka male ʻana.
• Hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ʻai i nā iʻa a me ka moa. Inā makemake ʻoe i ka ʻiʻo, koho i ka pipi.
• Pono e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā palaka mai ka meaʻai, momona lākou a me nā mea ʻino. I nā hihia koʻikoʻi, hiki iā ʻoe ke kuke i ka kīʻaha mua e hoʻohana ana i ka "lua kekona".

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka momona protein no ka ulu kino ʻana

Pono nā mea pāliki e hōʻeuʻeu nei i ka nuʻu papaha i nā ʻōkuhi a pau i luna. ʻO ka hapa nui o kā lākou papaʻai ʻana i nā ʻōmaka o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā holoholona. Pono lākou e ʻai i ka hua ʻai me nā hua kō, nā mea soy i makemake nui ʻia.

Pono hoʻi e kūkākūkā i ke kauka a noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wai ʻai wai kūikawā, ka nui o ka hapa o ka hoʻoliʻi ʻana o ka protein kahi 97-198%. E koho ʻokoʻa paha kēia loea i kahi mea inu, helu i ke ʻano kūpono. Lalo kēia i mea momona maikaʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻoikaika ikaika.

Hoʻolaha

Pili ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i nā loli i loko o kāna hana ola a me / a me nā waiwai physicochemical i pili me ka nalowale o kahi quaternary, mākaukau a pae ʻole paha (ʻike i ka ʻāpana "Protein structure"). Ma muli o ke ʻano, ua hoʻomākoakoa nā ʻōmole ma lalo o kēlā mau kūlana (ka wela, pH, a me nā mea) i loko o ia kino e hana ai i loko o ke kino. ʻO kahi hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i kēia mau kūlana e alakaʻi i ka denaturation protein. Aia i ke ʻano o ke kahu denaturing, mechanical (ikaika wī a hoʻoheheʻe paha), ke kino (ka wela, ka hoʻomoʻo ʻana, hoʻoluʻu, irradiation, sonication) a me ka pāʻaiika (acid and alkalis, surfactants, urea) denaturation is distinguished.

Hiki i ka hoʻokiʻaʻana a piha ka hoʻopau a hoʻopau paha. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa e hoʻowahāwahā ʻia nei ka denaturation protein i ka nohona o kēlā me kēia lā ka mākaukau ʻana o ka moa moa moa, inā, ma lalo o ke ʻano o ke kiʻekiʻe, ke kōlea wai hoʻāla ʻia oval o ka wai i lilo i paʻapū, hilahila a me ka opaque. Ma muli o kekahi mau hihia ke hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana, me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai wai-hoʻohuihui wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paʻakai ammonium (paʻakai ka huina), a ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano ala e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai iā lākou.

ʻO nā molekole protein i nā polarika linear i loaʻa ke koena o ka waikona α-L-amino (he mau monomers), a me ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻonaninani amino a me nā mea o ka huina-amino acid ka mea i hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i ka pūnao o nā protein. I ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ua hoʻohana ʻia hoʻokahi helu a i ʻole nā ​​leka ʻekolu e pili i nā waikena amino. ʻOiai ke nānā ʻole ʻia ka mea hoʻohana "20" ʻano 20 o nā waikela amino i ka hapa nui o nā protein nui i ka palena o ka ʻano o nā protein, ʻoiai, ʻo ka nui o nā koho he hiki ʻole ke hoʻomālamalama ʻia: no ka mea he mau kaena o ka nui o ka amino amino, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 3 miliona, a me kahi kaulahao o nā koina asina amino 100. (ka liʻiliʻi (protein liʻiliʻi)) hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano ma mua o 10,130. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine nā protein mai ka 2 a i kahi mau ʻumi o nā koena amino amino i ka lōʻihi nā waiho ʻana, me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka polymerization - loaʻa poʻomanaʻo, akā, he hoʻopaʻapaʻa maoli kēia ʻāpana.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka protein ma muli o ka hopena o ka pilina o ka hui α-carboxyl (-COOH) o hoʻokahi acid amino me ka hui α-amino (-NH₂) kekahi o nā waikona amino, hana ʻia nā paʻa peptide. ʻO ka hope o ka protein ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo N- a me C-terminus, e hilinaʻi nei ma luna o nā pūʻulu o ka terminal amino acid residu a manuahi: -NH₂ a i ʻole -COOH, i kēlā me kēia. I loko o ka protein synthesis ma ka ribosa, ʻo ka mea mua (N-terminal) ka nui o ka amino residay ka maʻamau o ke koena methionine, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā koena i hope iho i ka C-terminus o ka mea i hala.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kanu meaʻai, nā meaʻono

ʻO ka poʻe makemake e hoʻemi i ka paona, pono lākou e ʻai i nā huahana a me nā mea kanu protein. He mea nui e hoʻokaʻawale i kā lākou intake, no ka mea ua ʻokoʻa ka manawa no kā lākou assimilation. Pono e hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​huahana ʻiʻo momona, pono e ʻalo ʻia nā ʻuala, me nā cereals me nā ʻōmole protein ponoʻī.

Mai hele i ka hopena a "noho" i ka momona protein. ʻAʻole kūpono ia i nā mea āpau, no ka mea, ʻo ka wehe piha ʻana i nā mea kālaiʻenehana, e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka hana hana a me ka ikaika. Lawa ka ʻai i nā meaʻai i loko o ke kakahiaka i ke kakahiaka - e hāʻawi kēia i ka ikehu i ka lā, i ke ahiahi, e ʻai i ka ʻai i ka ʻai protein haʻahaʻa. Ke kū nei i ka nele o ka ikehu i ke ahiahi, e hoʻomaka ke kino e hoʻopau i ka momona o ke kino, akā naʻe, he palekana kēia kaʻina no ke ola kino o ke kino.

E noʻonoʻo e hoʻokomo i nā meaʻai momona i hoʻomākaukau ʻia a i hoʻoponopono pono ʻia i kāu papa ʻai. No ke kino, ka protein ka mea waiwai nui o ka hale! Me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻamau, e kōkua ia iā ʻoe e kūkulu i kahi kino olakino maikaʻi!

ʻO ka Proteins ka pūlima koʻikoʻi ʻoi loa, me ka ʻole o ka ikaika o ka hana i ke kino. Aia nā protein i nā kinipona, nā pā o nā io o nā kino, nā kiko. ʻO lākou ke kuleana no ka metabolic, ka lawe ʻana a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe e hana ana i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. ʻAʻole hiki i nā huaʻai ke hōʻiliʻili "i ka mālama ʻia", no laila e ʻike mau ʻia lākou. He waiwai koʻikoʻi lākou no ka poʻe e pili ana i nā haʻuki, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka lula.

Nā pae hoʻonohonoho

Ua noi ʻo K. Lindstrom-Lang e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kiʻekiʻe i nā 4 o ka ʻoihana hoʻonohonoho i nā kao: ka mua, ka lua, ka papa kiʻekiʻe a me ka quaternary hana. ʻOiai ua luhi iki kēia mahele, hoʻomau ʻia ia. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano hana mua (ka manawa o nā koina acid amino) o kahi polypeptide e ke ʻano o kāna ʻano a me nā palapala genetic, a me nā hana kiʻekiʻe o nā kauoha kiʻekiʻe e hana ʻia i ka wā o ka lōloʻi protein. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka spatial protein ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa e kona ʻono waʻa amino amino, he mea paʻakikī a hilinaʻi paha ia i nā kūlana o waho, no laila ʻoi aku ke kūpono o ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ai i ka protein hou makemake.

ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho kumu

ʻO ka papa hana mua ka hoʻoponopono o nā koena amino amino i loko o ke kaulahao polypeptide. Hoʻākāka pinepine ʻia ke ʻano nui o ka protein me ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi helu ai ʻole ʻekolu leka no ke koena o ka waikawa amino.

ʻO nā mea nui o ke kumu nui loa nā motif conservative - hui pūpū paʻa o nā koena waikawa amino e hana ana i kekahi hana a loaʻa i nā protein nui. Mālama ʻia nā motif conservative i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano, hiki i ka manawa ke wānana i ka hana o kekahi ka ʻike ʻike ʻole mai lākou. ʻO ka pae o ka homology (kahi like) o nā kaila o ka amino acid o nā protein o nā mea like ʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nānā i ka lōʻihi o ka evolutionary ma waena o ka taxa i loaʻa kēia mau mea.

Hiki ke hoʻoholo i ke ʻano nui o ka protein e nā ʻōnaehana mimino a me nā kumu mua o kona mRNA e hoʻohana ana i ka papa helu genetic code.

Hoʻoiho lua

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana kūloko ka ʻōiwi kūloko o kahi pāʻina o kahi kaula polypeptide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā kaula hydrogen.ʻO ka mea aʻe nā ʻano maʻamau maʻamau o ka ʻōnaehana protein kalima:

• -O ka helikika o ke kaʻi o ka molekō lōʻihi. ʻO kekahi huli he 3.6 mau koena amino mau koena, ʻo ka helix pitch he 0.54 nm (0.15 nm hāʻule ma luna o ka waikawa amino ka hoʻomaha). Hoʻololi ʻia ka kūkuʻina e ka pilina hydrogen ma waena o nā hui H me ka O peptide, i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i nā ʻāpana he 4 mau ʻokoʻa. ʻOiai ka α-helix hiki i ka hema a i ʻole hema kūpono paha e loaʻa ka lima hema. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka spiral e nā hoʻopili o ka electrostatic e pili ana i ka momona glutamic, lysine, arginine. Hiki i kahi kokoke i kekahi, nā asparagine, serine, threonine a me nā koena leucine hiki ke hoʻololi pono i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka helix, nā koʻikoʻi o nā lūlū me nā alapiʻi a lele hoʻi i ka α-helices,
• β-sheet (lipile layer) he mau mekameka zigzag polypeptide kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā pilina o ka hydrogen ma waena o kekahi i kekahi (0.34 nm no ke koena o ka waikawa amino) nā waikawa amino i ka pae mua a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana protein ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka pilina be i ka α-helix). Kuhi pinepine ʻia kēia mau kaulahao e ka N-palena ma nā ʻaoʻao kuʻuna (orientation antiparallel) a i ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi (laina ʻoli structure-ʻano). Hiki nō hoʻi ke ola o kahi hui β-hoʻohui i kahi o ka mea pākuʻi a me nā antiparallel β-hana. No ka hoʻokumuʻana o sheets-sheet, ka nui o nā pūʻulu o nā ʻaoʻao amino i mea nui, maʻamau ka glycine a me ka alanine predominate.
• π-helix
• 3₁₀nā ʻuhane
• nā ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻole.

Kahi papa hoʻonaʻauao

ʻO ke kaana pae kiʻekiʻe ʻo ka pae spatial o ke kaulahao polypeptide. Ma ke ʻano, he ʻenehana o ke kālaiʻu kūliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka hana nui o ka pilina o ka hydrophobic. Ke hoʻomau nei o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pae kula:

• nā kaulahao kolohe (ma waena o ke koena o ka lua o ka cysteine ​​- nā pahu kihikihi
• nā mea ʻona ma waena o nā ʻāpana kū i ke ʻano he nui o nā toena waikona amino,
• nā mea paʻa hydrogen
• nā pili pili hydrophobic. I ka pili ʻana o nā molekui wai me nā wahi e puni ana, e piipī ʻia ka molika o ka protein a waiho wale ia nā ʻaoʻao nonpolar o ka ʻaina amino i ka hopena aqueous, a me nā pōpoki polū e pili ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka molekala.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina o nā loiloi o ka protein lipile he mea kūpono ia e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi pae ʻē aʻe ma waena o ka pae o ka pae kūliʻi a me ka hoʻolālā atomic spatial - ke ʻano kūmole kūloko (hana hoʻomākaʻa, ʻano hana neʻe). Hoʻoholo ʻia ka manaʻo kūlike e ka hoʻonohonoho like ʻana o nā ʻenehana hana tuarua (α-helices a me β-strands) i loko o ka waihona protein - he gāwaʻu compact ke hiki ke noho a i ʻole a i ʻole ʻāpana o ka nui o ka pūnao me ka ʻākana ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, e noʻonoʻo i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kaila o ka hana o nā protein. ʻO ka pahuhopu globular i hōʻike ʻia i ke kiʻi ma ka ʻākau, triosophosphatisomerase, he kuhi kiko ā i kapa ʻia he α / β-cylinder: 8 mau laina β-nā kaila i kahi β-cylinder i loko o kahi cylinder hou i hoʻokumu ʻia e 8 α-helices. ʻIke ʻia nā mea kū i kēia mau mea he 10% o nā protein.

Kahi ʻia ua like ke kālai ʻia o nā motifs a ʻike ʻia i loko o nā protein e ʻike ʻole ai i ka pili o ka hana ʻana. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o nā piʻi lipipū e kūlū pono i ka hōʻiliʻili kino ʻana a i ʻole ke ʻano hanana o nā protein (e like me CATH a SCOP) paha.

No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻolālā spatial o ka protein, nā ʻano hana o ka x-ray diffraction analysis, nuclear magnet resonance, a me kekahi mau ʻano o ka mikroscopy.

ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho Quaternary

ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho quaternary (a i ʻole subunit, domain) ka hoʻonohonoho like ʻana o kekahi mau kaulahao polypeptide i loko o kahi paʻakikī protein.ʻO ka molekine protein e hana i ka protein me ka mea quaternary i kūkulu ʻia i kahi kaʻawale ma ka ribosa a ma hope wale o ka pau ʻana o ka synthesis kā lākou i hana ai i kahi hana supramolecular maʻamau. Hiki i ke protein quaternary ke loaʻa i nā kūlike a me nā kaula polypeptide like ʻole. O ka hoʻomau ʻia o ka hoʻolālā Quaternary e pili ana i nā ʻano like like ʻole e like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka ʻenekia. Hiki i nā mea paʻakikī protein Supramolecular ke loaʻa i nā kenekulia o nā molekala.

ʻO ka helu ʻana ma nā ʻano hale

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kumukūʻai i ʻekolu mau pūʻulu e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻano nui.

1. ʻO nā palaka Fibrillar - hana i nā polymers, maʻamau ka hana maʻamau o kā lākou hale a kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana ma waena o nā kaula like ʻole. Hoʻohumu lākou i nā microfilaments, microtubules, fibrils, a kākoʻo i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā ʻili a me nā kiko. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea momona o Fibrillar me ka keratin a me ka collagen.
2. Hoʻopau ka waiū hoʻopihapiha i ka wai, ʻo ke ʻano maʻamau o nā molekane he nui a emi ʻole paha ka kikoo.
3. Nā membrane ka pānaʻi - loaʻa nā kikowaena e pili ana i ka membrane cell, akā nā māhele o lākou e pale mai ka membrane i loko o ka palekana intercellular a me ka cell cytoplasm. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo nā protein mea like me nā mea nānā, ʻo ia hoʻi lākou e hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona, ​​a hāʻawi pū i ka halihali i ka lawe ʻana i nā mea like ʻole. Kūpono nā mea halihali Protein, pākahi wale nō kēlā me kēia molekele a i ʻole kekahi ʻano o ka hōʻailona ma o ke membrane.

ʻO nā protein maʻalahi a paʻakikī

Hoʻopili i nā kaulahao peptide, nui ka nui o nā protein i loaʻa i nā pūʻulu wai-amino, a ma o kēia criterion protein ka mahele i ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui - nā maʻalahi a me nā paʻakikī (proteids). ʻO nā ʻōmole maʻalahi ka mea wale nō o nā kaulahao polypeptide, nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī hoʻi i loaʻa nā acid-amino, a me ka prosthetic paha, nā hui. Wahi a ka ʻano kemika o nā pūʻulu prost prost, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā papa e hiki mai ana i loko o nā protein paʻakikī:

ʻO Glycoproteins e pili ana i ke koena o ke kaohi o ke kanalā e like me ka hui prosthetic, nā glycoproteins e loaʻa nā koena mucopolysaccharide no nā subclass o nā proteoglycans. I ka hana ʻana o kahi pilina me nā koina o ka mea kalaka, pili pinepine nā pūʻulu hydroxyl o ka serine a i ʻole threonine. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā protein extracellular, ma ka immunoglobulins kūikawā, ʻo nā glycoproteins. I nā proteoglycans, ʻo ka māhele kalaiʻa

95% o ka huina o ka huina o ka molekine protein, ʻo lākou ka māhele nui o ka matrix intercellular,

2. ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka hoʻopalike o nā mea ola. Nā ʻano hana o ka hoʻohuli.

1. ʻO ka hua a me kona ʻano.

Hoʻopuka - hana hou i nā mea like like, nā mea e hoʻolako i

ke ola ʻana o nā ʻano nui no ka mileniuma he nui i ka hoʻonui i loko

ka nui o nā kanaka o nā ʻano, ke hoʻomau nei o ke ola. ʻIke, wahine a me nā

hoʻomōhola ulu ʻana o nā meaola.

2. ʻO ke ʻano o ka moʻomeheu ʻoi ka ala kahiko loa. I

Hoʻokomo kekahi mea ola i ka moekolohe, ʻoiai ua komo pinepine ka moekolohe

ʻelua mau kanaka. I nā mea kanu, kahi hoʻohālike asexual me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pua - i hoʻokahi

nā hale ʻokoʻa kūikawā. Hoʻopuka ʻia e nā mea ulu o ke alga, moss, horsetail,

Aundku ,e, ferns. Hoʻomaka i nā ʻōpala mai nā mea kanu, kā lākou māhuahua a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana

nā mea lawelawe hou i nā nohona maikaʻi. Make o ka helu lehulehu

hoʻopaʻapaʻa hāʻule i loko o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka palena haʻahaʻa e hiki ai

hou nā meaola mai nā spora no ka mea he liʻiliʻi lākou o nā loea a

Hoʻomoʻa maikaʻi ʻia ka seedling iā lākou mai ke kaʻe ʻana.

3. Hoʻoulu i nā mea kanu - ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana o nā mea kanu me

ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu kulou: aerial a underground shoots, mau ʻāpana o ke aʻa.

lau, tuber, bulbs. Ke komo nei i ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana i nā mea kanu hoʻokahi

hapa ʻāpana paha. ʻO ka pili o ke kanu a ke kaikamahine me ka makuahine, e like me ia

hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kino o ka makuahine. Loaʻa maikaʻi a me

ka pālahalaha ʻana o nā mea kanu ulu ma ke ʻano, me he mea ʻoihana hui

hana wikiwiki ʻia mai ka ʻāpana ma ka māmā. Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻaiā

hoʻoulu: hoʻohana ana i nā rhizomes - lilia o ke awāwa, mint, palaoa palaoa, etc., ʻoi

nā lālā haʻahaʻa e pili ana i ka lepo (layering) - currants, huaʻala puaʻa, ʻumiʻumi

- pua, nā ʻōpala - tulip, daffodil, crocus. Ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka mea kanu

huaʻoki i ka wā e ulu ana i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia: hoʻonui ʻia nā huaʻai e nā maʻi,

ʻōpala - nā kāleka a me ke kāleka, layering - currants a me nā gooseberries, aʻa

huaʻa - cherry, plum, ʻokiʻoki - mau lāʻau hua.

4. ʻO ka hana pilikino. ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka hānau ʻana i ka moekolohe

i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kelu germ (gametes), kahi kiʻina o ka cell germ kāne

(sperm) a me ka wahine (hua manu) - hana hoʻomalu a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kahi hou

he kaikamahine kaikamahine mai ka hua huehue. Mahalo i ka hoʻopiʻi

kahi hui mea kikowaena me nā mea like ʻole ʻē aʻe o nā chromosomes, ʻo ia ka mea me ka nui aʻe

ʻano ʻano hoʻoilina he nui, ma kahi o ia mea e huli

ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wahi paʻa. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana male i loko

algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms a me angiosperms. Nā ʻōkua

ke kaʻina hana i ka mea kanu i ka wā o ko lākou hoʻokau ʻana, ka hiʻohiʻona o ka paʻakikī loa

nā hua lāʻau i nā mea kanu.

5. Pākuʻi ka hua kanu me ke kōkua o nā hua,

he ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā gymnosperms a me nā angiosperms (angiosperms

hoʻolaha pālahalaha ʻano. Kahi o nā wāwae

hua loiloi: pollination - hoʻoili i ka hae i ka stigma o kahi pistil, kāna

germination, ulu mai e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā sperm ʻelua, kā lākou holomua i

ovule, a laila ke kuʻina o kekahi sperm me kahi hua manu, a ʻo kekahi me

kekahula kūloko (ma angiosperms). Ke ʻano o ka hua ovule

ka lālani me kahi lako o nā lakoʻai, a mai nā paia o ka ovary - ka pūpū. ʻAno -

ka manawa pīkoi o kahi mea kanu hou, ma nā kūlana maikaʻi loa, e kupu a ana i ka manawa mua

hānai ʻia nā hua kanu e nā huaʻai o nā hua, a laila ʻo kona mau aʻa

hoʻomaka i ka hoʻoulu wai ʻana i ka wai a me nā minela mai ka lepo, a me nā lau - carbon dioxide

ka hale mai ka lewa i ka lā. Ke ola kūʻokoʻa o kahi kanu hou.

Nā biopisika protein

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kino o ka protein i loko o ka pūnao, i ka nānā ʻana i ka membrane wai a me ka huʻu ʻana o nā macromolecules (eng.) paʻakikī loa. ʻO ka hypothesis o ka protein i like me ke "kristal like like system" - kahi "kristal aperiodic" - kākoʻo ʻia e X-ray diffraction analysis (a i kahi hoʻonākiuki 1 angstrom), kīwī pākaha nui, ka hui ʻana o ka hana denaturation a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ke makemake nei i kekahi hypothesis ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nui o nā wai wai e like me nā protein i ke kaʻina o ka neʻe o ka intraglobular i hoʻohālike ʻia (ka hoʻohālikelike o ka hopping a i ʻole nā ​​lula mau) e ʻike ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua neutron hoʻolaha, Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Ka ʻaila honua: kahenaʻe ribosomal

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka prototeins e nā mea ola mai nā amino amino i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻike ʻike ʻia i loko o genes. ʻO kēlā me kēia protein ka kahi o kahi manawaleʻa o nā koena o ka waikawa amino, ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka palena nīkōlani o ka huaʻehā i hoʻopā ai ka protein. ʻO ke ʻano genetic kahi ʻano o ka unuhi ʻana o ka pauku o ka nucleotide o DNA (ma RNA) i ka manawa amino acid o kahi kaula polypeptide. E hoʻoholo ana i kēia palapala helu i ka pilina o nā māhele trinucleotide o RNA, ka mea i kapa ʻia nā codons, a me kekahi mau waikawa amino i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka protein: ke kaila o ka pūlea AUG, e like me nā mea e pili ana i ka methionine. No ka mea nona ka DNA i ʻehā mau ʻano o ka nucleotides, ʻo ka huina o nā codons hiki i ka 64, a no ka mea he 20 mau waʻa amino e hoʻohana ai i nā protein, nui nā acid amino i hoʻoholo ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi codon. Kahi hewa ʻole nā ​​ʻona ʻelima: lawelawe lākou i nā hōʻailona no ka hana ʻana i ke kaula polypeptide a kāhea ʻia ʻo nā codons terminate, a i ʻole e hana i nā codons.

Ka hoʻohālikelike mua o nā pūmū polū uila i ka manawa nīnūnū o ka ʻelele RNA (mRNA) e nā RNA polymerase enzymes. I ka nui o nā hihia, ua hoʻohuihui ʻia nā mea hoʻomalu o nā mea ola ma ka ribosa - multicomponent molekiola e kū nei i loko o ka sitoplasma o nā pā. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ke kāpili ʻana i kahi kaula polypeptide e kahi ribosome ma kahi matr mRNA i kapa ʻia ka unuhi ʻana.

ʻO ka synthomal protein synthesis e hoʻohālikelike o ka like me ka prokaryotes a me ka eukaryotes, akā ua ʻokoʻa i kekahi mau kikoʻī. No laila, hiki i ka prokaryotic mRNA ke heluhelu i ka ribosom i loko o ka waikawa amino amino i nā protein ma hope koke o ka hoʻoili ʻana a i ʻole ma mua o kona kū ʻana. I nā eukaryotes, pono ka hele mua o ka transcript mua i nā mana o ka hoʻololi a neʻe i ka cytoplasm (i kahi o ka ribosome), ma mua o ka hoʻomaka o ka unuhi. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka synthesis ma ka prokaryotes a hiki i ka 20 amino acid no ke kekona.

ʻOiai ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka unuhi ʻana, ua hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā enzyacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme i kā lākou waikawa amino i kā lākou laweʻana i ka RNA (tRNA). ʻO kahi wahi o TRNA, i kapa ʻia he anticodon, hiki ke hoʻopihapiha i ka pasangan me kahi codon mRNA, a laila e hōʻoia ai i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o kahi koena amino paʻa i pili iā tRNA i ka kaulahao polypeptide e like me ke ʻano genetic.

I ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka unuhi, hoʻomaka, hoʻākoakoa ʻia ka mea hoʻohuihui (ʻo ka methionine) codon e ka poʻe subunit liʻiliʻi o ka ribosome, i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka aminoacylated methionine tRNA me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea protein o ka hoʻomaka. Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka codon hoʻomaka, ka subunit nui i hui pū ʻia me ka subunit liʻiliʻi o ka ribosome, a me ka lua o ka unuhi ʻana, hoʻomaka ka elongation. Ma kēlā me kēia pa o ka laha ribosa mai 5'- a 3'-hope o ka mRNA, heluhelu kekahi hoʻokahi codon ma ka hana ʻana i nā pilina hydrogen ma waena o ia a me ke kaʻa RNA hoʻohui i ia mea, i pili ai i ke koena o ka waikawa amino e pili ana. Kūkulu ka pilina o ka peptide ma waena o ke koena o ka waikawa amino o ka nui o ka peptide a me ke koena o ka waikawa amino i hoʻopili ʻia i tRNA i loko o ka Rosa ribosomal (rRNA), ka mea e hoʻokumu ai i ke kikowaena peptidyl transferase o ka ribosome. Waena kēia kikowaena i nā atomika a me nā carbon atom i kahi kūlana kūpono i ka neʻe o ka hopena. ʻO ke kolu o ka papa mua o ke unuhi ʻana, e pau ai, i ka manawa a hiki i ka ribosome a hōʻea i ka codon kāpae, ma hope o nā mea i pau ai ka hopena o ka protein i hoʻohuli i ka pilina ma waena o ka tRNA hope a me ke kaulahao polypeptide, kāpae i kāna synthesis. I nā ribosa, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā protein mai ka N- a i ka C-terminus.

Hoʻopili ke Neribosomal

I nā puʻu haʻahaʻa a me kekahi mau nāʻaina, ʻike ʻia kahi ala hou (non-ribosomal, a i ʻole multienzyme) ka hana o ka biosynthesis o nā peptides, ka mea maʻamau o ka liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻano.ʻO ke kāpili ʻana o kēia mau peptides, ka mea maʻamau ʻo ka metabolites ka lua, ke lawe ʻia e ka mea momona koʻikoʻi molika molika koʻikoʻi, NRS synthase, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopono pololei ʻana o nā ribosa. Hoʻokomo ka synthase o NRS i nā kāʻei āpau a i ʻole nā ​​palekū pilikino e koho i nā waikawa amino, hana i kahi paʻa peptide a hoʻokuʻu i kahi peptide synthesized. Hoʻohui, e hana kēia mau kāʻei i ke kao. Mālama kēlā me kēia kōkana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o hoʻokahi waikawa amino i ka peptide synthesized. Hiki i kēia mau syntrases NRS ke hoʻohui ʻia i hoʻokahi pākahi a i ʻole hana. ʻO kekahi manawa, hoʻohui i kēia mau mea paʻakikī i kahi pūnaewele hiki i isomerizing L-amino acid (puka maʻamau) i loko o kahi D-form.

Nā kalohelohe Chemical

Hiki i ke kaohi pōkole i synthesized chemically e hoʻohana ana i nā hana o ke kāpili ʻana o ka organik, no ka laʻana, ligation kemika. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka syntical chemept of the peptide e hele mai ana i ke ala mai ka C-end a hiki i ka N-hope, e kū'ē i ka biosynthesis ma ka ribosa. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kūlohelohe kūloko e hana i nā peptides immunogenic pōkole (epitope), kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā holoholona i mea e kiʻi ai i nā antibodies a i ʻole hybridomas. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano mea e loaʻa ai nā inhibitors o kekahi mau enzyme. Hāʻawi ka Chemical synthesis i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā koena amino amino i loaʻa i nā protein kūlohelohe, no ka laʻana, ka poʻe me nā palapala ʻili lau e hoʻopili ʻia me nā kaula hao. He mau palena nā kaila ʻona no ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā hānela: ʻaʻole pono ia me ka lōʻihi o ka protein i ʻoi aku ma mua o ke koena 300 amino mau koena, nā mea hoʻonaninani synthesized loaʻa he ʻano papa mana tregaryalula a he hemahema ʻole ka hoʻololi i ka mana o ka post-translate (see ma lalo).

Hoʻololi hope-unuhi

Ma hope o ka pau ʻana i ka unuhi ʻana, hoʻomanawanui ka hapanui o ka nui o ka pūnao me ka loli hou i ka mīkini i kapa ʻia. ʻOi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau mau o nā ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hoʻololi i ka hope o ka protein.

Hiki i nā loli hou-kāpili ke hoʻoponopono i ka ola o ka nui o nā protein i loko o ka pūnaehana, kā lākou hana enzymatic a me nā kikowaena me nā protein ʻē aʻe. I kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana he kuleana nui ia o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka protein, inā ʻaʻole i hana ia. No ka laʻana, me ka loaʻa o ka insulin a me kekahi mau hormones ʻē aʻe, e liʻiliʻi ana ka proteolysis o ka kaulahao polypeptide, a me ka kō o nā protein membrane plasma, e pono ai ke glycosylation.

Hiki i nā loli hou ke paʻi ʻia a hiki ke loaʻa a keu ʻole hoʻi. ʻO kahi kumu o ka hoʻololi honua honua he ubiquitination (kahi hoʻopili i kahi o nā molekula o ka nui o ka protein ubiquitin puʻu i kahi protein), e hoʻolilo nei i hōʻailona no ka wehe ʻana o kēia protein e ka proteasome. ʻO kahi loli hou aʻe he glycosylation - ua manaʻo ʻia aia ka hapalua o nā protein o ke kanaka he glycosylated. Hoʻololi ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻololi me ka tyrosination / detirozination a me polyglycylation o ka tubulin.

Hiki i ke hoʻokahi a me ka like like ka lāʻau like me ka loli nui. No laila, ʻo nā histones (nā ʻōpala i ʻāpana o chromatin i eukaryotes) ma lalo o nā ʻano like ʻole ke loli ma mua o 150 mau ʻano hoʻololi.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā loli hou-unuhi i:

• ʻōnaehana kahua nui,
  • ka weheʻana o ke koena N-terminal methionine,
  • ka palena iki i ka proteolysis - ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kahi puʻupuʻu protein e hiki ke hele mai nā kaʻe (ka wā e kipa ana i nā huaʻōlelo hōʻailona) a i ʻole, i kekahi mau ʻano mea, i ka waenakonu o ka molule (kūmole o insulin),
  • ka pili ʻana o nā hui like ʻona e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā hui amino a me nā pahu pahu (N-acylation, myristoylation, etc.),
• hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana ʻaoʻao o nā waikona amino,
  • ka hoʻohui a i ʻole ka holoi ʻana i nā hui liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (glycosylation, phosphorylation, etc.),
  • ka hoʻohui o nā lehelehe a me nā hydrocarbons,
  • ka hoʻololi o ka waiho anuʻu o ka nui o ka waikawa amino i ka non-standard (ka hoʻokumu ʻana o citrulline),
  • ka hūnā ʻana o nā kāʻei disulfide ma waena o ke koena o ka cysteine,
• ka hoʻohui o nā protein liʻiliʻi (sumoylation a ubiquitination).

Ke kāʻei a me ke ʻano

Pono ka halihali ʻia nā protein i loko o ka cytoplasm o kahi eukaryotic cell e lawe ʻia i nā organoids cell ʻē aʻe: ʻo ka nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (EPR), mea hana Golgi, lysosomes, etc., a me kekahi mau protein i komo i ka medium extracellular. No ka komo ʻana i kekahi mahele o nā sela, pono ka pelekikena kikoʻī. I ka nui o nā hihia, ʻo kēlā kāpili kahi mea o ka peka o ka waikawa amino i ka protein ponoʻī (ʻo peptide alakaʻi, a i ʻole ka hōʻailona hōʻailona o ka protein), akā i kekahi mau mea, ua pili pū ka oligosaccharides i ka protein.

Lawe ʻia ka halihali i nā protein i ka EPR ke kahakaha ʻia, no ka mea, ka syntosom synthesizing protein me ka hōʻailona hōʻailona no ka "noho" EPR ma luna o nā protein kūikawā ma kona membrane waho. Mai ka EPR a i ka hāmeʻa Golgi, a mai laila a i nā lysosomes a i ka membrane waho a i ʻole extracellular medium, komo nā protein i loko o ka lawe o vesicular. Hoʻokomo nā protine me kahi hōʻailona nukleisen i ke olakino ma o nā pali nukle. I loko o ka mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts, nā protein i loaʻa i nā ʻōkuhi hōʻailona e pili ana i nā pūlima unuhi protein a me ka komo ʻana o nā chaperones.

Mālama ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻolālā spatial kūpono o nā protein ka mea nui no ka hana maʻamau. Hiki i ke hoʻopiʻi hewa ʻana i nā protein e alakaʻi ana i kā lākou hōʻiliʻili ʻana ma muli o nā mutations, ka hā ahoʻa, ke ʻano kaumaha a me nā loli honua i loko o ka physiology o nā pū. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻaina kahi hōʻailona no ka wā kahiko. Manaʻo ia ʻo ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka palaka kūpono ʻole ke kumu a hoʻopili paha i nā maʻi like me ka cystic fibrosis, lysosomal storage maʻi. me nā maʻi neurodegenerative (Alzheimer, Huntington a me Parkinson's).

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻonela, ua kūkulu ʻia nā hana nui ʻehā e kū i ka protein hoʻohui. ʻO ka lua ʻelua - e kau ʻia nei ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana me ka kōkua ʻana o nā chaperones a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me nā proteases - ʻike ʻia ʻelua ma nā huakini a i nā mea ola kiʻekiʻe. ʻO Autophagy a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻōmole kūpono ʻole e hoʻopuni ʻia ana i loko o nā organelles non-membrane kūikawā kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka eukaryotes.

ʻO ka hiki i nā protein e hoʻihoʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻekolu o ke kūmākena ma hope o ka denaturation i ʻae iā mākou e hypothesize e ʻike ana ka ʻike a pau e pili ana i ka hana hope loa o ka protina. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mana e pili ana i ka loli paʻa ʻana o ka protein i ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu me ka hoʻohālikelike hou ʻia o kēia polypeptide.

Aia i loko o nā papa aia kekahi pūʻulu o nā protein e hana i ka hana e hōʻoia pono i ka hoʻopila ʻana o nā protein ʻē aʻe ma hope o ko lākou synthes ma ka ribosome, e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka hana o nā protein ma hope o ko lākou pohō, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka wehe ʻole o nā kāpili protein. Ke kapa ʻia kēia mau ʻōhua ma kahi chaperones. Ke hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o nā chaperones ma loko o ka pū me ka hoʻonui hoʻonui i ka pā ʻana o ke anuanu, no laila e komo ana lākou i ka hui Hsp (nā pulu wela wela wela). ʻO ka mea nui o ka hana maʻamau o nā chaperones no ka hana ʻana i ke kino hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e ka maʻi hoʻohālike o α-crystallin chaperone, ʻo ia kahi o nā lens o ka maka kanaka. ʻO ke kuʻikahi i loko o kēia ʻōmua e alakaʻi i ke ao ʻana o ka lens ma muli o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā protein a, ma muli o ia, i ka cataract.

Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia o ka hoʻonaʻauao kumu, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka ʻai. ʻO nā Enzymes e hōʻino i nā protein i kapa ʻia nā proteases.Ma ka pūnaewele o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka molek substrlima o ka substrate, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā enzyme proteolytic i nā endopeptidases a me nā exopeptidases:

• ʻO ka endopeptidases, a i ʻole protein, kāwili i nā paʻa peptide i loko o ke kaulahao peptide. ʻIke lākou a hoʻopaʻa i nā pōkole peptide pōkole o nā substrate a hoʻokaʻawale maoli i nā pilina ma waena o ke koena o ka waikawa amino.
• ʻO nā Exopeptidases hydrolyze peptides mai nā kihi o ke kaulahao: aminopeptidases mai ka N-terminus, carboxypeptidases mai C-terminus. ʻO ka mea hope loa, hoʻopili ʻia nā dipeptidases wale nō.

Wahi a ka hoʻokalakupua catalysis, ʻo ka International Union for Biochemistry a me Molecular Biology e hoʻomaopopo i kekahi mau papa o nā proteases, e komo pū ana me nā proteine ​​serine, nā proteart aspartic, nā cysteine ​​proteases, a me nā metalloproteases.

ʻO kahi ʻano kūikawā o ka protease ka proteasome, kahi proteisome nui multisubunit i loaʻa i ka nucleus a me ka cytoplasm o eukaryotes, archaea, a me kekahi mau mea kino.

I mea e hōʻili ʻia ai ka protein i kaupalena ʻia e ka proteasome, pono hōʻailona ʻia e ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi protein liʻiliʻi ubiquitin i laila. Hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ubiquitin e ka enzyme ubiquitin ligases. ʻO ka hoʻohui o nā moliquitin mua o ka protein i lilo i hōʻailona no ka ligases no ka hoʻohui hou ʻana i nā moli ubiquitin. A ke hopena, hoʻopili ʻia kahi kaulima polyubiquitin i ka protein, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka proteasome a hoʻopaʻa i ka wehe ʻana o ka protein i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, kapa ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana ubiquitin-hilinaʻi ʻia me ka degradation protein. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana o 80-90% o nā protein intracellular e hele me ke komo ʻana o nā proteasome.

ʻO ka hōʻino ʻana o ka protein i ka peroxisomes he mea nui ia i nā kaʻina nui o ka cellular, ʻo ia hoʻi o ke kaena cell, hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā ira, a me ka pane i ka kaumaha oxidative.

ʻO Autophagy ke kaʻina o ka hōʻino o nā biomolecules lōʻihi, i nā protein nui loa, me nā organelles i nā lysosomes (i ka mammals) a i kahi hue (i ka rewena). Hoʻopili pū ʻia ʻo Autophagy i ka hana nui o kekahi cell maʻamau, akā i ka nele o nā mea kanu pono, ka hiki ʻana o nā organelles i hōʻino ʻia i ka cytoplasm a, ma hope loa, ke hiki ʻana i nā pūmua a hapa a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana i ka cytoplasm hiki ke lawelawe ʻia i mea hōʻala no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana o autophagy i loko o nā wahi.

ʻEkolu mau ʻano o ka autophagy i hoʻokaʻawale: microautophagy, macroautophagy, a me ka autophagy hilinaʻi-chaperone.

I ka wā o ka microautophagy, macromolecules a me nā ʻāpana o nā membranes i hopu ʻia e ka lysosome. Me kēia ala, hiki i ka pākela ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā protein me ka nele o ka ikaika a i ʻole ka lako kūkulu hale (no ka laʻana, i ka wā pōloli). Akā hele mai nā kaʻina o ka microautophagy ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau a maʻamau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Kuhi ʻia ka organoids i ka wā o ka microautophagy, no ka laʻana, microautophagy o peroxisome a me nā ʻāpana microautophagy o ke kuhi o ka mea e hoʻomau ai ke kūleʻa i ka yele.

I ka macroautophagy, ʻike ʻia kahi hapa o ka cytoplasm (pinepine ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi organoids) e kahi ʻāpana membrane e like me ka pū me nā lālani endoplasmic reticulum. A ke hopena, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia pūnaewele mai ke koena o ka cytoplasm e ʻelua mau membrane. Kahi ʻia kēlā mau ʻōiwi pālua-membrane ke kapa ʻia nā autophagosomes. Hoʻohui nā Autophagosome me nā lysosome, ka hana ʻana i ka autophagolysosome, kahi e kāwili ʻia ai nā organelles a me ke koena o nā waihona autophagosome. ʻO ka mea like, ke koho ʻole ʻia ka macroautophagy, ʻoiai ke hoʻoikaika pinepine ʻia nei me ke kōkua o ia mea e hiki ai i ke kelepona ke kiola i nā organoids e "ua make" (mitochondria, ribosom, me kekahi mea).

ʻO ke kolu o ke ʻano o autophagy he chaperone-hilinaʻi. A i kēia ala, kuhikuhi i ka lawe ʻana i nā protein e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka cytoplasm ma o ka membrane lysosome i kona lua e kū nei, kahi e ʻeli ʻia ai lākou. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka autophagy, i wehewehe wale ʻia i ka mammals, hoʻokomo ʻia i ka kaumaha.

JUNQ a me IPOD

Ma lalo o ke kaumaha, inā ʻaʻole hiki i kahi pūnaewele eukaryotic ke hoʻokō i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā helu nui o nā protein i hōʻike ʻia, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouna ʻia i kekahi o nā ʻano pelekikena kūmole - JUNQ a me IPOD (English). . ^ E Ha yM.

ʻO JUNQ (Eng. JUxta Nuclear Quality control computing) e pili ana me ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka membrane nukleine a he mau protein ubiquitinated e hiki koke ke hoʻololi i ka cytoplasm, a me nā chaperones a me nā proteasomes. ʻO ka pahuhopu a JUNQ i manaʻo ʻia he hō hou hou a me / a i ʻole hoʻoheʻe i nā protein.

ʻO IPOD (English Insoluble Protein Deposit - kahi kahi o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā protein ʻokiʻoki) ʻaʻole kokoke i ke kikowaena waena a loaʻa nā kuʻikahi immobile o ka protein amyloid-form. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o kēia mauʻaina i ka IPOD hiki ke pale i kā lākou pilina me nā ʻōnaehana o ka cellular maʻamau, no laila, manaʻo ʻia he ʻano mālama ia.

Nā hana o nā protein i ke kino

E like me nā macromolecules biology (polysaccharides, lipids a me nā nucleic acid), nā ʻōmaʻomaʻi mea nui o nā mea ola a pau i ke kuleana nui o ke ola o ka pū. Lawe nā Proteins i nā kaʻina hana ma ka metabola. ʻO lākou ka ʻāpana o nā hana intracellular - nā organelles a me ka cytoskeleton, i hūnā ʻia i loko o ka wahi extracellular, kahi i hiki ai iā lākou ke hana ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona i hoʻoili ʻia ma waena o nā selela, e komo i ka hydrolysis o ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka waiwai intercellular.

I ka helu ʻana o nā protein e like me kā lākou hana i ka maikaʻi ʻole, no ka mea, hiki i ka protein like ke hana i kekahi mau hana. ʻO kahi hōʻike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia maikaʻi ʻia me ia multifunctionality ka lysyl tRNA synthetase, he enzyme mai ka papa o ka aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, ʻaʻole wale ia e pili i ka koena lysine i tRNA, akā ua hoʻoponopono pū i ka lawe ʻana i kekahi mau genes. Hana nā Proteins i nā hana he nui ma muli o kā lākou hana enzymatic. No laila, ʻo nā enzyme he protein protein myosin, protein protein kinase protein, transport protein protein sosa-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, etc.

Ka hana catalytic

ʻO ka hana kaulana loa o nā ʻōmua i loko o ke kino ka uha o nā ʻano kūlohelohe. ʻO nā Enzymes he protine e loaʻa nā waiwai catalytic, ʻo ia hoʻi, kēlā me kēia enzyme e hopu ana i hoʻokahi ʻano ʻē aʻe paha. Ua hoʻomāluulu ka hoʻokūkū i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā molekīni paʻakikī (catabolism) a me kā lākou synthes (anabolism), me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka DNA a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka matrix RNA synthesis. Ma ka 2013, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻoliʻiliʻi o 5,000. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hopena ma muli o ka catalysis enzymatic ka mea nui loa: ʻo ka hopena i hoʻopili ai e ka enzyme orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, no ka laʻana, ka hopena o 10 17 mau manawa wikiwiki ma mua o ka huakaʻi-kākoleka (ʻo ka hapalua-ola o ka decarboxylation o ka orotic acid he 78 miliona mau makahiki me ka hoʻonaninani a me ka 18 millisecond). ʻO nā molekule e hoʻopili ana i ka hoʻoulu a me ka hoʻololi ma ka hopena o ka hopena i kapa ʻia he substrates.

ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻokele o ka huina o ka huina o nā haneli amino ka haneli, he hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō o lākou e launa pū me ka substrate, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui - ma ka awelika 3-4 mau kaila o amino acid, e loaʻa pinepine ana mai kahi ʻē aʻe i ka papa hana mua - pili pū kekahi i ka catalysis. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka molekina enzyme e hāʻawi ai i ka mea paʻa o ka substrate a me ka catalysis i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻāpana ikaika.

I ka makahiki 1992, ua kuhi ka International Union of Biochemistry a me Molecular Biology i ka palapala hope loa o ka inoa hierarchical nomenclature o nā enzyme e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā hopena i kuhi ʻia e lākou. Wahi a kēia inoa, pono mau ka inoa o nā enzyme -nā kumu pili a puka mai nā inoa o nā ʻano catalyzed a me kā lākou subeke. Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia enzyme i kahi code pilikino e maʻalahi ai e hoʻoholo i kona kūlana ma ka hierarchy o nā enzymes.Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hoʻohālike, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hāmeʻa āpau i 6 papa.

• CF 1: nā hākōkō i ka hoʻomehana i nā hoʻoliʻi redox,
• CF 2: Hoʻopili i ka hoʻololi i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o nā pūʻulu kumuhana mai kahi molekahi substrate i kekahi,
• CF 3: Ka hoʻolilo ʻana o nā hydroly i ka hydrolysis o nā paʻa kemika,
• CF 4: ʻO nā Lyases e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka uha ʻole o nā mea hoʻomehana me ka hydrolysis me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pilina pālua i kekahi o nā huahana,
• CF 5: Isomerases e hoʻomau i nā loli a i ʻole geometric i ke kaomi o ka molekea,
• CF 6: Ligases e kuhi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā mea hoʻomehana ma waena o nā substrates ma muli o ka hydrolysis o ka pilina me ka ATP diphosphate a i ʻole kahi triphosphate like.

Hoʻolālā ʻano

Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonaninani o ka cytoskeleton, e like me ke ʻano o ka lima a me ke ʻano, he mau ʻāpana a me nā organoid he nui a ke komo nei i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o nā sela. ʻO ka hapanui o nā protein waiwai he filamentous: actin a me tubulin monomers, no ka laʻana, ka globular, soluble protein, akā ma hope o ka polymerization e hana ana i nā lula lōʻihi e hana ana i ka cytoskeleton, e ʻae ana i ka pūlea e mālama i kahi ʻano. ʻO Collagen a me elastin nā mea nui o ka waihona intercellular o ka pūnao hoʻohui (ʻo ka laʻana, ka cartilage), a me ka lauoho, nā kui, nā hulu manu a me kekahi mau mea hou i hana ʻia me kekahi ʻano protein keratin.

Nā hana palekana

Nui a ʻano hewa o nā hana palekana e pono ai:

1. ʻO ka mālama kino. Hāʻawi ʻia ka pale kino o ke kino e ka kolag, ka palaka i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke kumu o ka waiwai intercellular o nā koina hoʻohui (e pili ana i nā iwi, ka pālolo, nā tendons a me nā ʻāpana hohonu o ka ʻili (dermis)), keratin, ka mea e hoʻokumu ai i ke kumu o nā pale mau horny, ka lauoho, nā hulu, nā lei a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka epidermis. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōmole e like me nā protein me ka hana papa. ʻO nā hoʻohālike o nā protein o kēia pūʻulu he fibrinogen a me thrombin i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻoliʻi koko.
2. Nā pale palekana. Hiki i ka nakinakiʻana i nā toxins i nā molekina protein e hiki ke hāʻawi i kā lākou detoxification. Hoʻokomo ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka detoxification i nā kānaka e mālama ʻia e nā enzyme ngohi e wāwahi i nā mea poʻomanaʻo a hoʻohuli iā lākou i kahi ʻano soluble, e kōkua ana i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki mai ke kino.
3. Ka pale ʻana a Immune. ʻO nā mea hua e hoʻolilo i ke koko a me nā ʻano wai ʻē aʻe i pili i ka pale ʻana o ke kino i ka hōʻino a me ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pathogens. ʻO nā protein o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui a me nā antibodies (immunoglobulins) nā mea o nā protein o ka hui lua, he neutralize lākou i nā bacteria, huʻipiʻi a i ʻole nā ​​protinole ʻē aʻe. Nā mea antibodies e komo i ka pūnaehana pale, hoʻohui i nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke kino, antigens, a no laila e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou, ke kuhikuhi iā lākou i nā wahi o ka luku. Hiki ke hūnā ʻia nā Antibodies i loko o ka lumi intercellular a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā membran o ka B-lymphocytes kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo plasmocytes.

Hānā lawelawe

Nui nā ʻōnaehana i loko o nā pūlima e hoʻoponopono ʻia e nā molekine protein, ʻaʻole kahi kumu o ka ikehu, ʻaʻole hoʻi he kumu no ka hale. Hoʻoponopono kēia mau mea hoʻomalu i ka holomua o ka cell i ka pōkole o ke kelepona, transkrip, unuhi, hoʻohanohano, ka hana a nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me nā ʻano nui ʻē aʻe. Hana ka protein i ka hana lula ma muli o ka hana enzymatic (no ka laʻana, ka protein kinases), a i ʻole no ke kau ʻana i nā molekula ʻē aʻe. No laila, nā ʻōnaehana transkrip, nā mea hoʻoulu ʻia a me nā protein repressor, hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka nui transkrip o nā huaʻōlelo ma o kā lākou paʻa ʻana i kā lākou hana hoʻoponopono. I ka pae unuhi, hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka heluhelu ʻana o nā mRNA e like me nā hoʻohui o nā mea protein.

ʻO ka hana nui i ka hoʻoponopono pono ʻana o nā hana intracellular e hoʻokani ʻia e nā kinase protein a me nā phosphatases i nā protein - nā enzymes e hoʻoliuli a hōʻuluʻulu paha i ka hana o nā mea ʻē aʻe ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana iā lākou a hoʻohele ʻia i nā hui fosfat.

Hālau hōʻailona

ʻO ka hana hōʻailona o nā protein ka mea hiki i nā protein e hana me he mau hōʻailona hōʻailona, ​​e kahe ana i nā hōʻailona ma waena o nā pūpū, nā kino, nā kino a me nā meaola. ʻO ka pinepine, ua hui pū ʻia ka hana hōʻailona me ka mea hoʻoponopono hoʻokahi, no ka mea, he nui nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka loko o ka hanana intracellular e hoʻoili i nā hōʻailona.

Hana ʻia ka hana hōʻailona e nā protein hormone, cytokine, nā mea ulu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Lawe ʻia nā huaʻai e ke koko. ʻO ka hapanui o nā holoholona holoholona he protein a peptides paha. ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ka wina i ka mea nāna e hopu, he hōʻailona ia e hoʻonāukiuki ai i kahi pane o ke kelepona. Mālama nā ʻōiwi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea i loko o ke koko a me nā ʻoihana, ulu, hoʻoulu hou a me nā hana ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ia mau mea like ʻole o ka insulin, kahi e hoʻoponopono ai i ka kaila o ka glucose i ke koko.

Pili nā kelepona i kēlā me kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka waiwai intercellular. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau mea palekana, no ka laʻana, cytokines a me nā mea ulu ulu.

ʻO nā cytokines nā molika hōʻailona peptide. Hoʻoponopono lākou i nā hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā mea hoʻokaʻawale, hoʻoholo i ko lākou ola, hoʻouluulu a hōʻemi paha i ka ulu ʻana, nā ʻokoʻa, ka hana hana a me ka apoptosis, e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka pānaʻi, ka endocrine a me nā mea hoʻonā. ʻO kahi kumu hoʻohālikelike o nā cytokines ʻo ia ka hopena necrosis tumō, e hoʻoiho i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona ma waena o nā sela o ke kino.

E hana (hoʻokele i ka hana)

Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻōleʻa like me nā mea i kapa ʻia nā ʻōmole mālama, ka mea i mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka ikehu a me ka waiwai ma nā hua o nā mea kanu (no ka laʻana, 7S a me 11S globulins) a me nā hua holoholona. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke kino ma ke ʻano he kumu waikona amino, kahi e hana ai i nā mea hoʻoponopono biologically e hoʻoponopono i nā kaʻina metabola.

Ka hana hoʻoiho

Hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea kūmole Protein ma loko o ka cytoplasm a hoʻohui i loko o nā membrane kelepona. Loaʻa i kekahi ʻāpana o ka molekika receptor kahi hōʻailona hōʻailona, ​​ka mea i lawelawe pinepine ʻia e nā mea kemika, a ma kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona - māmā, ke kaumaha mechanical, (no ka laʻa, hoʻonui ʻia) a me nā ʻano hou. Ke hōʻike ʻia nei kahi hōʻailona ma kahi kikoʻī o nā molekupeka - kūmua i ka hopena - i hiki ke hoʻololi i kona loli. A ʻo kahi hopena, ka hoʻololi o ka ʻokoʻa o kahi o ka molekala, e hoʻoiho i kahi hōʻailona i nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, e loli ana. Nui kekahi mau mīkini hoʻololi hoʻomehana. Hoʻopili kekahi mau mea kūmole i kekahi hopena kemika, ʻo nā mea'ē aʻe e lawelawe i ke kahawai ʻoi, e wehe ana a paʻa paha i ka hana o kahi hōʻailona, ​​ʻoiai ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e nakinaki ai i nā molekōne intracellular mediating. I nā membrane receptors, ka hapa o ka molekopa e hoʻopili ana i ka molekō signal i ke kahe o ke cell, a me ka domain e hoʻoili i ka hōʻailona o loko.

Ka hana (kaomi) hana

Hāʻawi ka papa holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻōmua holo i ke kino, no ka laʻana, ka hōʻemi kino ʻana, me ka lokomaikaʻi (myosin), ka neʻe o nā ʻoka i loko o ke kino (no ka laʻana, ka ʻano ʻoboeboid gerakan o leukocytes), ka neʻe o ka cilia a me ka flagella, a me ke ʻano hana a alakaʻi ʻia i loko o ke kaʻa intracellular (kinesin, dynein) . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka dyneins a me nā kinesins ka lawe ʻana i nā molekela ma ka microtubules e hoʻohana ana i ka ATP hydrolysis ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu. E hoʻoneʻe ana nā dyneins i nā molekele a me nā organelles mai nā ʻāpana o ke kelepona i ka centrosome, kinesins - ma ke kūlike. ʻO ka Dyneins hoʻi ke kuleana no ka neʻe o ke cilia a me ka hae o ka eukaryotes. Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana cytoplasmic ke ʻano i loko o ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala a me nā organoids ma o nā microfilament.

ʻO nā protein i loko o ka hana hoʻokūkū

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā microorganisms a me nā mea kanu hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā 20 amino amino maʻamau, a me nā mea hou (ʻaʻole maʻamau) i nā waʻa amino, e like me citrulline.Akā inā aia ka waʻa amino i ka kaiapuni, ʻoiai nā microorganism e mālama i ka ikehu ma ka lawe ʻana i nā waikawa amino i loko o nā pūpū a me ka huli ʻana i kā lākou ala biosynthetic.

ʻO nā ʻaina Amino ʻaʻole e hiki ke hoʻohuihui ʻia e nā holoholona i kapa ʻia he mea nui. ʻO nā enzyme nui i nā ala biosynthetic, no ka laʻana, aspartate kinase, ka mea e hoʻokūkū i ka hana mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lysine, methionine a me threonine mai aspartate, ua nele i nā holoholona.

Loaʻa nā holoholona i nā waʻa amino mai nā protein i loaʻa i ka meaʻai. Ua luku ʻia nā protein i ka wā o ka hoʻowalewale ʻana, ka mea maʻamau e hoʻomaka me ka hoʻē ʻana o ka protein ma ka waiho ʻana i loko o kahi aniani a me ka hydrolyzing ia e hoʻohana ana i nā enzymes i kapa ʻia ʻo protease. ʻO kekahi mau waikela amino i loaʻa ma ka hopena o ke kūnaʻi ʻana e hoʻohana ʻia no ke synthes o nā protein kino, aʻo ke koena ua hoʻohuli ʻia i ka glucose i ka wā o ka gluconeogenesis a i hoʻohana ʻia paha ma ke kunu Krebs. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka protein me ke kumu ikehu he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i nā kūlana o ka hoʻokē ʻai, i ka hana o ke kino ponoʻī o ke kino, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻuhane, ke lilo i kumu kūao. ʻO nā waikona Amino kekahi kumu waiwai nui o ke kanikela i kaʻai o ke kino.

ʻAʻohe mea i hoʻonohonoho like ʻole e pili ana i ka pale ʻana o ka protein kanaka. ʻO ka microflora o nā pūpū nui e hoʻopili ana i nā waikawa amino i lawe ʻole ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā mea palolo.

ʻO nā ʻano noiʻi

E aʻo ʻia ke ʻano hana a me nā hana o ka protein i nā mākaukau maʻemaʻe i loko o vitro, a i kā lākou wahi kūlohelohe i kahi mea ola ola, i vivo. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā haʻawina o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻemaʻe ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻomohala i mea e pono ai no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kā lākou mau hana: nā hiʻohiʻona kinetic o ka catalytic hana o nā enzymes, relinity pilina no nā palupalu, me nā mea hou aku. i vivo i nā pūnāwai a i ʻole nā ​​mea ola holoʻokoʻa e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike hou e pili ana i kahi e hana ai a pehea e hoʻoponopono ʻia ai kā lākou hana.

Pākuʻi molecular a i ʻole cellular

Hoʻohana pinepine nā molekular a me nā hana biology e aʻo ai i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā protein i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana ʻana, e pili ana i ke kāpili ʻana o ka protein chimeric i loko o kahi papa, nā ʻano o ka protein haʻawina, pili ʻia i kahi "reporter", no ka laʻana, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo fluorescent (GFP). Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi o nā ʻōmua i loko o ka puʻukū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mikroscope fluorescence. Eia kekahi, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻomalu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antibodies e ʻike iā lākou, a ma ia ʻano e lawe ai i kahi pūmole fluorescent. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia, i ka manawa like me ka protein aʻo ʻia, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā protein o nā organelles e like me ka endorlasoma endoplasmic, ʻo Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, a me nā hakahaka i ʻike ʻia, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻoholo pololei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōiwi aʻo ʻia.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā ʻano immunohistochemical i nā antibodies e kulu ʻia i nā enzyme e kolo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi luminescent a i ʻole nā ​​kala kala, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻōlulu ʻana a me ka nui o ka protein i aʻo ʻia i loko o nā kiʻi. ʻO kahi ʻenehana hou ʻole ia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke wahi o nā protina ka mea hoʻonaninani ultracentrifugation o nā pisa cell i ka gradient o sucrose a i ʻole cesium chloride.

I ka hopena hope loa, ʻo kekahi o nā papa hana papaʻaila he immunoelectronic microscopy, kahi waihona like like me ka immunofluorescence microscopy me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o kahi microscope electron. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka laʻana no ka microscopy electron, a laila hoʻōla ʻia me nā antibodies i kahi ʻōmole e pili ana i ka lako ʻenehana, ʻoi aku ke gula.

Ke hoʻohana nei i ka mutagenesis-kuhikuhi pūnaewele, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke hoʻololi i ka ʻōnaehana amino acid o kahi protein a, no laila, ko kāna ʻano hāmeʻa, kahi i loko o ka hale a me ka hoʻoponopono o kāna hana. Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻano, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i tRNA a hoʻololi ʻia, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopuka i nā waikawa amino like i loko o ka protein a hana i nā protein me nā mea hou.

Koi hua biochemical

E hana i kahi hoʻoili i loko o vitro Pono ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia mai ka ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻomaka kēia kaʻina me ka luku ʻana i nā pūnao a loaʻa ke kō. Eia kekahi, ma o ka centrifugation a me nā ʻano ultracentrifugation, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mea hoʻokaʻawale: kahi hapa e loaʻa ana i nā momona soluble, kahi hapa e loaʻa ana nā membrane lipids a me nā protein, a me kahi hapa e loaʻa ana nā cellelles celleles a me nā nucleic acid.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka protein waiʻuʻu e ka paʻakai ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale i ka protein mixtures, a ʻae nō hoʻi i ka paʻa protein. Lapa ʻo Sedimentation (centrifugation) hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka protein e ka waiwai o ka sedimentation kūʻokoʻa o nā protein ponoʻī, e ana ʻia i loko o svedbergs (S). Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ʻano chromatography e hoʻokaʻawale i ka protein a makemake ʻia e makemake ʻia e pili ana i nā waiwai e like me ke aniani molohakiko, uku, a me ka pilina. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā protein e like me kā lākou uku ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electrofocus.

Hoʻololi i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka protein, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻenekema genetic, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i nā derivatives o nā protein e kūpono i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe me ke kī ʻole i ko lākou ʻano hana a hana paha. "Label", he mea liʻiliʻi nā papa waikawa amino, no ka laʻana, he kaulahao o nā koena 6 a i ʻole mau koena histidine, a e pili pū ʻia ana i kekahi kihi o ka protein. Ke kāpae ʻia ka hoʻoneʻe o nā kuhi i ka protein "labeled" i kahi kolala chromatographic e loaʻa ana nā nikel, nalo ka histidine me ka nikel me ka noho ʻana ma ka pou, aʻo nā koena o ka lysate e kahe ʻana o ka kolamu i unhindered (nickel-chelate chromatography). Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā mea nui ʻē aku e kōkua ai i ka poʻe noiʻi e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōnaehana kikoʻī mai nā lūlū paʻakikī, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā chromatography affinity.

Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka protein inā he ʻike kona kaona a me ke ʻano isoelectric - e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka gel electrophoresis - a i ʻole ke ana ʻana i ka hana enzymatic inā he ʻaina ka protein. Mālama ka laulima i hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ka protein i koho ʻia e kona paona molaki a me ka nui o kāna mau ʻāpana.

Nā mea hoʻolaha hua

ʻO ka nui o nā protein pā i kapa ʻia he proteome, ʻo kāna haʻawina - proteomics, i kāhea ʻia e ka analogy me nā genomics. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana proteomics koʻikoʻi nui he:

• ʻO ka 2D electrophoresis, ka mea e ʻokoʻa ai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana protein multicomponent,
• lōkuhi lapana, ka mea e hiki ai ke 'ike i nā protein e ka nui o ko lākou peptides constituent me ka high throughput,
• Nā microacays protein, e ʻae ai iā ʻoe e hoʻohuli i nā manawa i kahi nui o nā protein i loko o ke kōpuna,
• ʻōnaehana ʻelua-hybrid , kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻonohonoho paʻa i ka wili o ka protein-protein.

ʻO ka nui o nā pilina o ka biologically nui a pau o nā protein i loko o kahi keʻena i kapa ʻia he interactiveome. Ho? Oponopono? Ia o ka hana o ke k proteinslana e k proteins ana i n types ʻano āpau i hiki i ke kaina o ka papa mākaukau i kapa ʻia ʻo genomics struktural.

Ke Kaila Hoʻonohonoho a me ka Hoʻohālikelike

Ka wānana o ka hoʻolālā spatial me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polokalamu kamepiula (i ka silico) e ʻae i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōmua protein a ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia kona ʻano me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka wānana kiko manuahi, i ʻike ʻia e like me ka mea hoʻohālike homological, e hilinaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana "template" i like, me ka waikawa amino acid i ka protein simulated. ʻO nā hana no ka wānana i ka hoʻolālā spatial o nā protein i hoʻohana ʻia i ke ʻano hoʻomohala o ka ʻenehana genetic o nā protein, me ke kōkua o ka mea hou i loaʻa i nā mea hoʻonaʻauao hou. ʻO ka hana paʻakikī mea paʻakikī ʻo ia ka wānana o nā hoʻopiliʻili o ka intermolecular, e like me ka mololi moliki a me ka wānana o nā pilina o ka protein-protein.

Hiki ke hoʻohālike ʻia nā hoʻopili ʻana a me ka intermolecular i nā protein e hoʻohana ana i nā mea molekole. , ke kumumanaʻo, molekola molekole a me ke ʻano o Monte Carlo, e ulu ana i ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻopili like ʻana me ka hoʻopili (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka papahana hoʻopulapula ʻo @na ka home).ʻO ka uhi ʻana i nā kī liʻiliʻi protein-helical liʻiliʻi, e like me ka protein villin a i ʻole kekahi o nā HIV HIV, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia. i ka silico. ^ E Ha yM. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻano hana hybrid e hui pū ana i ka dinamika molekula maʻamau me ka mekanika quantum, ua nānā ʻia nā wahi uila o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka pigment rhodopsin.