Nā maʻi pancreatic

Nā maʻi pancreatic. Ka hana o ka hana o ka insulin. ʻO nā hōʻailona biochemical o ka maʻi maʻi

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka Insulin e ka β-sela o nā mokupuni o nā pancreas Langerhans ma ke ʻano o kahi mea i hana mua ʻia - preproinsulin. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka hōʻailona hōʻailona mai ia e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka proinsulin, ka mea e pili ana i nā kaulahao A a me B a me nā peptide C e pili ana iā lākou. ʻO ka make o ka prohormone i loko o ka "excision" o C-peptide e nā proteinases. Aia ka insulin mature e pili ana i nā kaula A a me B i pili i nā alahaka disulfide ʻelua. Loaʻa ka kaulahao i nā kinona he 21 nui o ka waikawa amino a hoʻokahi kākāʻau disulfide. ʻO ka kaulahao B ka 30 mau kaona o ka waikawa amino. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka insulin i ka insulin ma ka palapala ʻo Golgi a hoʻomau ʻia ma ka ʻihi ʻia o ka waihona huna o β-cell.

Ma ke ʻano o kahi hana e hana koke ai, ua paʻipaʻi nui ʻia ka insulin (i loko o hoʻokahi hola) a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka nui o 40 mau lā / lā. ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana i ka physiological nui no ka huna ʻana o ka insulin i ka nui o ka glucose o ke koko. ʻAʻole he protein kākela ʻo Insulin i ka plasma koko, no laila ʻo ka hapalua-ola ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i kahi o 3 mau minuke. ʻO ka paʻa kino o ka insulin i ke koko he 10 -12 - 10 -9 mol / L.

ʻO nā kūloko kikoʻī no ka insulin he adipose, Musle a me ka aea ʻili.

Aia ka ʻona o ka insulin i ka membrane cell, he glycoproteins, nona ʻelua-a me ʻelua β-subunits i hoʻohui ʻia e nā kaula disulfide, loaʻa kahi hana tyrosine kinase.

Lalo ka waho-subunit ma waho o ke kahe a lawelawe a hoʻomaopopo i ke hāmeʻa ʻana i ka insulin. Hoʻopili ʻia nā α-subunits kekahi me kekahi e ka disulfide bond. Loaʻa ka β-subunit i ka membrane plasma a he wahi nui ia nā sitoplasmic i loaʻa kahi hana tyrosine kinase, i.e. ka hiki i ka protein phorylate i nā tyrosine.

Ka hana o ka hana o ka insulin. ʻO ka Insulin kekahi o nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia: ʻo ia ka mea mua o nā hormones protein i loaʻa i ke ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe, crystallized and synthesized chemically and by genetic engineering. ʻO nā kūleʻa o ka ʻenekema i kēia kahua ua hāʻawi ʻia me nā makana Nobel. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ka pila o ka hana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kinikini ma mua o ka hapanui o nā hormones. Ke hōʻike nei ke ʻano hana o ka insulin i kēia manawa e like me kēia. Ma ka mākaʻi ʻana i ka sub-subunits o ka receptor, hoʻāla ka insulin i ka kinase tyrosine o β-subunits. ʻO ka lepo mua no ka mea ʻo ia ka unit-subunit ponoʻī, i.e. ua nānā ʻia ka autophosphorylation o ka mea nāna i hopu i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka insulin. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hōʻailona mai ka hormone a komo i loko o ka pū i loko o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka receptor kinase kahi kaila o ka phosphorylation o kahi nui o nā huina o ka cellular. Hoʻopilikia kēia i ka conformational i loko o ka molekena reseptor a me ka membrane cell. A ʻo kahi hopena, hoʻonui ʻia ka hāmeʻe sela no ke K +, Ca 2+, nui ka glucose amino glucose. No laila, he mea hoʻomalu nā protein receptor substrate (IRS) i ka phosphorylated a hoʻāla, e hoʻōla i nā kinase protein serine a me threonine, ʻo ia ka phosphorylate (aia i loko o nā koena Ser or Tre) nā ʻano o nā protein, me ka nā huakaula phosphatases i.e. nā enzymes e hoʻopili ai i nā koena i ka phosphate mai nā phosphoproteins. No laila, ʻo ka hana o ka insulin e alakaʻi i ka phosphorylation kikoʻī o kekahi mau protein a me ka dephosphorylation o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.Mo ka protein i ka phosphorylate i pane i ka insulin a hoʻāla ʻia: PDE, cAMP, 6S protein ribosomal, nā protein cytoskeleton (MAP-2, actin, tubulin, fodrin a ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka Phosphorylation o nā protein cytoskeletal koke ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka insulin i ka sela e hoʻomaʻamaʻa wikiwiki i ka hoʻololi hou ʻana o ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā protein transporter glucose (= transporters glucose) mai ka intracellular depot (EPR vesicles) i ka membrane plasma. Hoʻonui ka helu o ka uptake glucose i loko o ke kōpake i ka 30 a 40 mau manawa. Aia ma kahi o 6 mau hiʻohiʻona o nā mea maʻi glucose - GLUT-1, GLUT-2 a ma mua o GLUT-6. he glycoproteins lākou a pau.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka pinepine o ka insulin e hōʻemi i ka protein dephosphorylation. E hana i ka hana neʻe:

hoʻonui - glycogen synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, α-glycerol phosphate acyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase,

Ka hoʻoemi - phosphorylase A, phosphorylase B kinase, lip lipase, phosphoenopyruvate carboxylase a me nā mea hou o GNG.

ʻO kekahi kumu o ka lawe ʻana i ka hōʻailona mai ka insulin i ka huela, e pili ana me ka toryosine kinase phosphorylation o kahi receptor protein G, hiki ke koho ʻia me Gins. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hikiʻana o kahi phospholipase kikoʻī C. ʻO ka kikoʻī o kahi phospholipase ka mea e hana ʻia ana ke neʻe wale nō i ka insulin a hiki i ka hana i kahi phospholipid maʻamau, akā aia wale nō i ka phospholipidylinositol glycan. ʻAʻole i like ka phosphatylylinositol, aia kēia glycolipid precursor e loaʻa wale i nā koena momona momona saturated, a ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi hāmohalohola i inositol, aia hoʻi ka galactose, galactosamine. ʻO Insulin, kahi phospholipase C kikoʻī, e hoʻoheleheʻe ai i ka hoʻokumu o ʻelua mau mea hoʻopihapiha: ʻo ke ʻano maʻamau o DAG kahi i loaʻa nā momona momona saturated wale nō me GIF. Noho mau ka Lipophilic DAG i ka membrane plasma a hoʻonui i ka lawe ʻana i nā glucose, nā waikela amino a me nā aka (K +, Ca 2+) i loko o ka pūlaka. Hoʻolū wale ka Hydrophilic GIFF i ka cytoplasm a hoʻololi i ka hana o kekahi huina. No laila, ʻo ka hana o ka hexakinase, phosphofructokinase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase, Na + / K + -ATPase hoʻonui, ka hana a ka adenylate cyclase, PK A, FEP-carboxylase a me nā enzyme GNG i emi.

ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka insulin me ka mea nāna i hopu i ka 30 mau kekona ma hope o ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka endocytosis (internalization) a me ka wehe ʻole i loko o ka hale, ʻo ka hapanui o ka hormone ua luku ʻia e nā protein lysosomal, a ʻo ka mea hoʻi ʻānō i hoʻohana i ka insulin like ʻole e hoʻi i ka papalula (ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ka recycling.)

ʻO nā hopena kūlohelohe o ka insulin

Aia a hiki i kēia manawa, hoʻomau ka ʻimi ʻana no nā mea hoʻomehana olakino insulin. Ua kāhea kā lākou kuleana i nā manawa mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka insulin: cGMP, Ca 2+, NO, H₂O₂nā hoʻololi kikid lipid (DAG, GIF), nā peptides, etc. Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo hope ʻia kēia pilikia (ʻaʻole i pau ka palena pono o ko lākou kūkulu).

Ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hoʻomehana kūloko o ka membrane:

Hoʻololi nā hoʻololi i nā protein membrane plasma i ka wā o ka pehu autophosphorylation,

Ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā hana ʻano kikoʻī o Na + / K + -ATPase, pāhare. ʻO ka lawe ʻia ka mea hoʻolilo e lawe i ka lewa,

ʻO nā hoʻololi i loko o ka papa hana PL o ka membrane (kaohi ʻana o PLdmethyltransferase).

ʻO ka hopena o ka insulin i ka pālea a me ka lipid metabolism ka nui ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka pae o ka c AMP ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka cybase adenylate a me ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka PDE c AMP.

Hōʻike ka haʻalulu i ka glucose koko ma:

ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka halihali glucose ma nā membrane o ka plasma o nā cell target,

Hoʻohui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka glucose. I loko o ka pūnaewele, e like me ka hapalua o ia e wāwahi i ka glycolysis ma lalo o ke kumu o nā enzyme koʻikoʻi - HA, FFK, PK. ʻO 30-40% o ka glucose ka mea i hele i ka synt lip synthes, ka mea, i ka kiko adipose, ma kahi o 10% e hele i ka synthly glycogen (hana o ka glycogen synthase),

Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, hoʻokaʻawale ka glycogen (hoʻēmi i ka phosphorylase A ka hana) a ʻae ʻia ka GNG (ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hana o kāna mau enzymes koʻikoʻi - phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, fructose bisphosphatase a me ka glucose-6-phosphatase a me ka waiho ʻole ʻana o nā protein o ka GNG + aminocolots i ka protein glycerol . ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻolau GKoy a me he mea lā ua "laka ʻia" i loko o kahi papa,

Ke hoʻoikaika nei i ke kāpili ʻana o nā momona momona (hoʻōla o ka acetyl CoA carboxylase)

Ke hoʻoikaika nei i ke kāpili ʻana o TAG (hoʻonaninani o ka gylinansferase glycerolphosphate)

Hōʻikeʻike o ka lipolysis (hoʻemi i ka hana lip lip)

ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka hana o nā kino ketone (i hana nui ʻia mai ka glucose, acetyl-CoA hele i ka CC a me ka lipid synthes)

I loko o ke koko, ʻike ʻia ka hana lipoprotein lipase, e hana ana ma TAG ma ke ʻano he lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL), ma laila e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pae o ka lipemia.

Hoʻoulu ka hele ʻana o nā waikawa amino i loko o ke kō

Ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka protein no ka pale ʻana i nā protein protein

Ka Hoʻoikaika o ka synt synt synt. Hoʻohā nui ʻia ka hopena wikiwiki o ka hormone ma ka synthesis protein (a i hoʻokahi hola) i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka transkrip a me ka unuhi: ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka elongation o nā kaulahao peptide, e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā hana a me nā hana o nā ribosom e hoʻonui ʻia, ka phosphorylation o ka pūnao S6 protein e hoʻōla ʻia, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻokumu ʻana o polysome. Inā heʻoi aku ka hana o ka insulin ma ke kelepona ma mua o 1 mau hola, a laila e piʻi ka synt synt o nā waikina nukle, ka mea i hui pū ʻia e ka hoʻokaʻawale o ka cell, ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana.

Pēlā, ʻo ka hopena o ka insulin ma ka metabolism hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e like me ka anabolic, i hui pū ʻia me ka pale kaulike maikaʻi.

Hāpai hormonal hana hana o ka pancreas

Hōʻea pinepine ʻia ka hypersecretion o ka insulin (ma ka puke), he nui ka nānā ʻana o ka hormone. Me ka nele o ka insulin a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i ka insulin (kū i ka hana), ulu ka maʻi diabetes. I Lūkini, ua pili ka maʻi diabetes i ka 1 miliona 900 mau kānaka a i ʻole 1.2% o ka heluna o ka heluna o nā kānaka. Eia kekahi, ma 16% o nā maʻi, nā maʻi mole aʻai o ka insulin-mellitus (IDDM) a i ʻole type 1 diabetes paha. ʻO 84% o nā mea maʻi he maʻi non-diabetes-mellitus (NIDDM) a i ʻole type type 2 lā.

Me ka IDDM a i ʻole type 1 maʻi, ʻike ʻia kahi emi ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka inehina ma muli o ka hoʻopōʻino ʻana i ka cells-cell o ka pancreatic, a i ʻole ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana o ka insulin i ka ate a me ke koko. Me NIDDM a i ʻole type 2 diabetes, ʻano maʻamau ke kiʻekiʻe o ka insulin a i hāpai ʻia paha, akā ua nalowale nā cell target i ko lākou naʻau.

I nā kumu kumu no ka kūʻē o ka insulin:

ka hōʻino ʻana o ka make ʻana o ka hormone a me kāna mea nānā me ke ʻano o nā molekui e loli a me ka hōʻole ʻole ʻana i kā lākou hana olaola,

ka hele ʻana o nā antibodies e ʻike i nā ʻāpana o ka insulin e hoʻopili ai i ka paʻa ʻana o ka insulin i ka mea pane,

ka hana ʻana o ka endocytosis (internalization) o ka paʻakikī o ka insulin me ka receptor, hoʻonui i ka hoʻonāwaliwali o nā ʻāpana o ka insulin,

hele hewa primature o IR-ra,

kaemi i ka autophosphorylation o ka mea nāna i hopu, e ukali i ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana o nā mea hoʻoponopono o insulin, a pēlā aku.

Eia kekahi, kahi paʻa i ke ala o ka neʻe ʻana i ka hōʻailona mai ka hormone a i ke kelepona, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi pau ʻole a mahele paha o ka hana o ka insulin i ka metabolism a hiki i kona hoʻokolohua kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke kino.

ʻO nā hōʻailona biochemical o ka maʻi maʻi

ʻO ka hoʻololi i ka maʻi diabetes pir ka hoʻololi i ka metabolism ka mea kokoke i ka poʻe kū'ē e ka insulin. Ke emi nei ka halihali o nā mea i loko o nā pūpū, hoʻonui ʻia nā manaʻo o c AMP, i.e. i loko o nā kiko, ka hopena o nā mea i kapa ʻia nā contra-hormonal hormone, ʻoi loa ka glucagon, e hoʻomaka me ka lanakila, me nā loli like me ka metabolism. ʻO ka hōʻailona nui o ka maʻi diabetes he hyperglycemia, e ulu ana ma muli o:

Hoemi ʻia ka halihali glucose i nā cell,

Ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā glucose glucose (me ka IDDM, ua hoʻololi wale ʻia ka glucose 5% i ka momona, ka glycolysis a me ka synthly glycogen

ʻO ka hoʻonui nui o ka hana glucose (glycogenolysis a me GNG mai i nā waikawa amino).

Hiki i ka glucose keʻakeʻa kahi i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ke koko. I ka wā e nui aku ana ka maʻi o ka plasma i ka paepae o ka renal (10 mmol / L), ʻike ʻia ka glucosuria. I kēia hihia, hoʻonui ka nui o ka urine ma muli o ka osmotic diuresis, i.e. ʻike ʻia ka polyuria, nā hana a me nā polydipsia (ka nui o ka wai nui). ʻO Glucosuria e hōʻeha nui i ka nui o nā kalori (4.1 kcal i ka 1 g o ka glucose excreted), ka mea, i hui pū me ka hoʻōla o ka proteolysis a me ka lipolysis, alakaʻi i kahi poho nui i ka paona kino, ʻoiai ka nui o ka makemake (polyphagy).

ʻO ka nui o ka lipolysis ma luna o ka lipogenesis e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waihona o nā momona momona i nā plasma. I ka wā e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hiki o ka pepona e hoʻopili i nā momona momona i ka carbon dioxide a me ka wai, e hoʻolaʻa ka hana a me nā ketoneemia a me ka ketonemia a me ka ketonuria, kahi neʻe i ka pH koko me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka metabolic acidosis, ʻike ʻia. Mai nā mea maʻi e hiki mai ke ʻano o ka acetone, kahi i manaʻo ʻia a ma kahi lōʻihi. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e komo i ka insulin, e make ka mea maʻi mai ka coma maʻi. ʻO ka hōʻemi o ka hana o ka lipoprotein lipase e hoʻololi i ka pae o nā hoʻopiʻi o LP, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ka nui o ka VLDL a me ka LDL, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka atherosclerosis. Me ke ʻano maʻi maʻi 'kane 1, e hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā moku liʻiliʻi, i.e. Hoʻokumu ka microangiopathies, hiki ke hōʻike iā lākou iho, me he mea laʻana, i ke ʻano o ka cerebral arteriosclerosis, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maʻi ischemic heart heart. ʻAʻole ia he mea paʻakikī o ka maʻi maʻi i kēia manawa e kāhea nei ʻaʻole wale nō ka pilikia o ka endocrinology, akā pū kekahi.

Hōʻemi ka hoʻouluʻana o ka protein protein, hoʻōla o ka nalowale, a hoʻemi i ka lawe ʻana o nā waikawa amino i nā huaʻai e hopena ai i ka hyperaminoacidemia a me ka aminoaciduria (i.e., lilo i ka nitrogen i ka urine). Hoʻonui ka amino acid catabolism i ka hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka urea i ke koko a me ka hoʻonui i kona excretion i ka urine. No laila, hoʻonāwaliwali ka insulin i nā kānaka me ka pale o ke kūpaʻa maikaʻiʻole.

No laila, ua kākau inoaʻia nā hōʻailona nui o ka maʻi maʻi. Nui nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike, ʻano like ʻole i ka ʻeha a ma ka hoʻonohonoho o nā hōʻailona. No laila, nā ʻano like ʻole o ka maʻi (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka diabetes mellitus, latent, prediabetes) i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea nui aku ma mua o ka hyperglycemia maʻamau ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, i.e. hoʻemi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa glucose.

Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka maʻi maʻi i ka huna ʻia o nā pilikia ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, he nui nā maʻi thyroid (hypothyroidism, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi i ka papa o ka maʻi diabetes, ka maʻi thyroid hyperfunction ma ka maʻi iki a me ka mea maʻalahi.

ʻO nā koi olakino e pili ana i ka maʻi hānai

Hoʻopili i nā loli i ka hana lipid metabolism, nui ka hana hyperglycemia i kā lākou ulu ʻana. Kuhi ʻia kēlā mau ʻili a kahi e kūʻokoʻa ai ka glucose i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka insulin: nā ʻōpū, ka retina a me nā lens o ka maka, nā nerves a me nā arteri. I loko o lākou, ua like ka hoʻoliʻelima glucose i ka koko, i.e. ma mua o ka mea maʻamau. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hoʻonui i ka glycosylation nonenzymatic o nā protein, no ka laʻana, collagen a me nā protein ʻē aʻe o ka membrane basement. Ke hoʻololi nei ka glycosylation i ka waiwai o nā protein a hoʻonāukiuki i kā lākou hana, no ka laʻana, glycosylation o ka hemoglobin e hoʻonui i kona pilina no ka oxygen, nā kino hou e hāʻawi ʻia me ka oxygen. Ua alakaʻi ka HDL glycosylation i ka wikiwiki o kā lākou catabolism, a hoʻoheloʻo LDL glycosylation i ko lākou haʻaleleʻana mai ke koko a me ka pala, i.e. ka palena o ka pae o HDL, a kū i luna LDL, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka atherosclerosis. I kekahi mau kelepona (nā pā o ka pili o ka paia, nā sela Schwann, erythrocytes, lens a me ka retina, ka hōʻike), ʻike ʻia ka glucose i ka aldzo reddase me NADP e hilinaʻi nei me ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka 6-atom alkohol - sorbitol. Kūʻai maikaʻi ʻo Sorbitol ma o nā membranes; ʻo kona hōʻuluʻulu e alakaʻi i ka huehue o nā ʻehā a me nā hana i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Ka huikau ʻana i ka lens a me ka hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻōmole glycosylated i loko e alakaʻi ai i ka ao a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā cataracts. Hoʻopilikia ka nerbona i nā kapillaries o nā keiki, retina (a i ka makapō), etc. ʻO ia ke kumu, i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, hoʻāʻo lākou e hoʻomau i nā pae o ka glucose i kokoke i ka maʻamau.

Nā hana hana o ka insulin

ʻO ka biochemistry o ka insulin e hoʻoikaika a hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana o ka glucose i ka membranes. Hoʻonui hou i ka hoʻoulu ʻia o ka insulin i ka ʻumi o ka halihali i nā kekona o nā manawa.

Ka hana o ka hana o ka insulin a me ke biochemistry o ke kaʻina hana e like me kēia:

Ma hope o ka alakaʻiʻana i ka insulin, e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā protein o nā kaʻa e hele i nā membrane cell. ʻAe kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻopau i ka glucose i ke koko me ka wikiwiki a me ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu me ka hoʻōki ʻana i nā momona momona. Me ka hemahema o ka hana ʻana o ka insulin o kona pono iho, e koi hou ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana e ka insulin e kākoʻo i ka nui o nā protein o ka halihali.
Hoʻonui ka Insulin i ka hana o nā enzyme e hoʻopili i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka glycogen ma o ke kaulahao paʻakikī o nā pilina a pale i kona kaʻina hōʻino.

Hoʻokomo ka biochemistry o ka insulin i ka komo ʻana i ka metabolism glucose. Ke hoʻoikaika nei ka Insulin i ka hana o ka mole o nā momona, nā waikawa amino, a me nā protein synthesis. Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ka Insulin i nā kaʻina hana o ka loli trans a me ka hoʻohuli. I ka naʻau o ke kanaka, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻōpū, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka insulin e kākau hou i nā mea he 100 mau haʻalulu

Ma ka ate a me ka kaona o ka adipose ponoʻī, pale ka insulin i ka wāwahi o nā momona, ma muli o ka hopena, ke emi ʻana ka ʻike o nā momona momona i ke koko. E like me kēia, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka pilikia o ka waiho ʻana o ka kolamu ma nā moku, a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā pā o nā moku.

ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā momona i ka puʻu ma lalo o ka mana o ka insulin e hoʻoulu ʻia e acetylCoA-carboxylase a me nā lipoprotein lipase a lipoprotein. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe kēia i ke koko, lawe ʻia nā momona i nā kahe koko.

ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka hana lipid metabolism ka pae aʻe:

Hoʻonui ʻia ke kāpili ʻana o nā momona momona ma ka hana ʻana o ka caretyylase acetyl CoA,
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hana o ka lipase kiko, i oki ʻia ke kaʻina o lipolysis,
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana o nā kino ketone, ʻoiai ka hoʻihoʻi ʻia o ka ikehu i ka syntid synthesis.

Synthesis biological a me ke ʻano o ka insulin

Hoʻomoeʻia ka hormone i loko o ke ʻano o ka preproinsulin i loko o nā pū beta kūikawā o nā mokupuni o Langerhans e loaʻa ana i ka pancreas. ʻO ka nui o nā mokupuni e pili ana i 2% o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui. Me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka hana o nā islets, kahi hema o nā hormones synthesized e loaʻa, hyperglycemia, ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi endocrine.

Ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o nā kaulahao hōʻailona kūikawā mai ka preproinsulin, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka proinsulin, ka mea e loaʻa ana i nā kaulahao A a me B me kahi pili C-petid. I ka ulu ʻana o ka hormone, hoʻopaʻa ka protein i ka mekamā peptide, kahi i hoʻololi ʻia e nā alahaka disulfide ʻelua. Ke hele nei ka ʻalemakule ma ka mea noi ʻo Golgi a ma ka peʻa huna o nā hale beta.

Ka hānai 'ana o ka' ōhina ma 21 nā kinikine amino ma ka kaulahao A a me 30 mau waikina amino i ka kaulahao lua. Lawe ʻo Synthesis i kahi awelika ma kahi o hoʻokahi hola, e like me nā mea nui e hana koke nei. Loaʻa ka molekola, ke waiho nei i nā waikawa amino i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana nui o ka kaulahao polypeptide.

ʻO nā mea i koho no ka metabolism insulin o nā glycoproteins e kū pololei ana ma ka membrane cell. Ma hope o ka hopu ʻana a me nā kaʻina metabolic, ua luku ʻia ke ʻano o ka insulin, hoʻi hou ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ka papa olakino.

ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻia e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka insulin, he hoʻonui i ka glucose. I ka hala ʻole o kahi protein nui - kahi mea lawe i loko o ke koko koko, ʻo ka hapalua ola-a i ka mau minuke 5. ʻAʻohe mea pono no ke kailee hou aku no ka halihali, no ka mea, e komo pololei ka hāmeʻe i loko o ka maʻi pancreatic a mai laila mai i ka veins portal. ʻO ka poli ka mea nui i ka wili. Ke komo nei i ka palupalu, hoʻoili ʻia kona waiwai a 50% o ka hormone.

ʻOiai ka mea i ʻike i nā kumu pili o ka hana me ka kumu hōʻike hōʻike - he ʻīlio me ka maʻi maʻi i hana ʻia i ka wā e lawe ana i ka pancreas, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hopena o ka kenekulia 19, ma ka pae molekula, hoʻomau ka hana o ka hoʻopili i ka pahuhopu wela a ʻaʻole maopopo. Hoʻopili kēia i nā pane āpau me nā ʻano genes a me ka hoʻoliʻiʻana o ka hormonal. No ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻomaka ka porcine a me nā kahu hipa i nā 20s i ka makahiki 20.

He aha ka ulia o ka nele i ka insulin i ke kino

Me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hana kūlohelohe o ka insulin a i ʻole ka momona paha o ka nui o ka pelekikine mai ka meaʻai, pono ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka maʻi mellitus, kahi maʻi kūlohelohe ʻōnaehana.

Nā hōʻailona ʻōuli e lilo i hōʻailona hōʻailona o ke ʻano mua o ka haunaele metabolic:

Pau ʻole ka makewai, huehue. Pōmaikaʻi nā mea kanu no ka nui o ka wai i inu. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomaka kēia ʻano i ka maʻi mellitus a hiki i nā malama he mau makahiki a keu paha paha. Hoʻokomo maoli ʻia ke kūlana no ka hōʻino glucose, nā mea hoihoi, nā ʻelele o ka hana noʻonoʻo me ka hana sedentary a me ka hana lima hoʻoikaika.
Kūʻai pinepine. E hauʻoli ka poʻe aloha aloha - ʻo ke kaumaha ke maʻamau, hoʻoneʻe ke kino i nā toxins. Manaʻo nā limahana hana mea hana decongestants. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka wai i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma mua o 4-5 lita, he hōʻailona hōʻeha loa kēia.
ʻO ka nāwaliwali o nā ʻōpū, kahi kūlana o ka mauʻu o ka ʻōpū, luhi.
ʻO ka ketonemia, ʻeha i loko o nā pūpū, nā ate, ka haki o ka acetone mai ka waha a i ʻole urine.
Hoʻoiho koke ka hopena maikaʻi o ke kino i nā mea ʻala - ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka hana hana, ʻike ʻia nā mana a me nā manaʻo hou.
E hōʻike kahi hōʻike koko i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke koko koko kiʻekiʻe, kahi nui o nā momona momona, i ke kolamu. Hōʻike ka urinalysis i ka heleʻana o ka acetone i loko o ka urine.

Hoʻomaopopo i ka ka hana o ka insulin a me ka biochemistry o nā ʻōnaehana i ke kino e kōkua i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻai kūpono a ʻaʻole i hoʻoweliweli i ke kino e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaha kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose i kona ʻano maʻa, no ka laʻana, me he mea hoʻomālamalama māmā, a i ʻole nā helu kiʻekiʻe o nā paʻakai wikiwiki.

ʻO ka pōpilikia o ka hoʻonui i ke kō i ka insulin

Me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka meaʻai, hoʻonui ʻia nā kaikoli kalaiwa i ka meaʻai, ka hoʻoikaika kino kūlohelohe, ka ulu kūlohelohe o ka insulin. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka insulin i nā mea haʻuki e hoʻonui ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka iwi māhuahua, hoʻonui i ka stamina a hāʻawi i ke ahonui i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana.

Ke pau ka kaumaha a nawaliwali ka hoʻoponopono aʻoaʻo ʻana, e hele wikiwiki ka ʻōpū, a me ka hele ʻana o ke kaʻina o ka momona. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka pale o ka hormonal, kahi hoʻi e alakaʻi ai i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi.

Ma ka maʻi diabetes type 2, ua hoʻomau ka hōʻino o ka insulin i ke kino ma ka pae maʻamau, akā mau ke kūpaʻa nā mea i nā hopena. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hopena maʻamau, pono ke hoʻonui nui i ka nui o ka hormone e pono ai. Ma muli o ke kūlohelohe o ka kiko, ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi o ka maʻi maʻamau, like me ka hema o ka hormone, akā me ka nui o kāna hana.

No ke aha, i loko o nā kaʻina hana biochemical, pono ia e mālama i nā pae o ka glucose koko ma nā pae maʻamau

Me he mea lā ua hiki i ka synthesized insulin ka mea e hoʻopau i ka pilikia o nā hoʻopiʻi i ka maʻi maʻi, e hoʻoneʻe koke i ka glucose, a hoʻohiolo i ka metabolism. Wahi a ia, ʻaʻole ia he kumu no ka mālama ʻana i nā pae gula. Akā ʻaʻole kēia pēlā.

Hoʻopilikia ka Hyperglycemia i nā kiko i loko o ke kū aʻe o ka glucose me ke komo ʻole o ka insulin. Hoʻopilikia ka ʻōnaehana o nā wahina, ʻōnaehana pololi, nā ʻōpū, a me nā kino o ka hihiʻo. Hoʻonui ka nui o nā pae i ka glucose i nā hana maʻamau o nā protein protein, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka oxygen i nā pūpū i hōʻemi ʻia ma muli o nā loli i ka hemoglobin.

Hoʻopilikia wale ʻia ʻo Glycosylation i ka hana o ka collagen - hoʻonui i ka nāwaliwali a me ka nāwaliwali o nā pili koko, ka mea e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka atherosclerosis. ʻO nā hoʻonākaʻuhao koʻikoʻi o ka hyperglycemia ka komo ʻana o ka ʻūhā ʻana o ka maka crystalline, hōʻino i ka uluna, a me ka hoʻomohala i ka cataract ʻO nā maʻi a me nā kapillaries o nā keiki ua pā pū kekahi. I ka nānāʻana o ka pōʻino o nā hoʻopiʻi, ma ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, e pono e mālama i ka pae o ke kō ma nā pae maʻamau.

Ma kahi o 6% o ka heluna o nā ʻāina nui i hoʻomohala ʻia mai nā ʻano like ʻole o ka maʻi diabetes a me kahi like like me ka pilikia e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi i ka insulin. He helu nui kēia, i hōʻoia ʻia e ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hormone artifical.

ʻO ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻia o ke kō, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke ʻano o nā inu, ʻai pākahi wikiwiki, hoʻokūkū i ka metabolism kanaka, hoʻonāukiuki i ka ulu ʻana o nā degenerative a me nā maʻi. ʻO kēlā me kēia makahiki, ulu ka nui o nā poʻe e pili ana i ka insulin e koi ana i nā ʻano exogenous o ka nui o ka hormone ma muli o ko lākou paleʻana i ka kūlohelohe.